How to Resolve \'403 Forbidden\' Errors When Permissions Seem Correct in Nginx?

Permission Denied: Resolving Nginx 403 Forbidden Errors

When encountering a "403 Forbidden" error with Nginx, it's crucial to examine permissions beyond the immediate file. While it may seem that the affected files have appropriate permissions, it's essential to remember that Nginx requires users to possess execute ("x") permissions in all parent directories leading to the requested file.

For example, if Nginx is running as www-data:www-data and the requested file is located at "/home/demo/sites/example.com/public_html/index.html," www-data must have execute permissions not only on the "public_html" directory but also on "/," "/home," and "/home/demo."

To verify this, use the following command:

namei -om /home/demo/sites/example.com/public_html/index.html

Review the permissions for each directory in the output, ensuring that www-data has "x" permissions. In particular, check the permissions for the "/home" directory, as it's a common location where permissions may be restrictive.

If any directory lacks execute permissions for www-data, grant them using the following command:

chmod o+x /directory_path

Replace "/directory_path" with the path to the directory that requires the permission change.

By ensuring that www-data has execute permissions in all parent directories, you can resolve the "403 Forbidden" error for files served by Nginx. Remember to check the permissions recursively to ensure that you cover all potential access points.

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