Operator Fundamentals

The fundamentals of operators in programming are essential for performing mathematical operations, logical comparisons, data manipulation and flow control within a program. Let's learn them using JavaScript?

Main types of operators in JavaScript:

1. Arithmetic Operators

They are used to perform mathematical operations between numbers. These operators include:

• Addition ( ): Adds two values.
• Subtraction (-): Subtracts the second value from the first.
• Multiplication (*): Multiplies two values.
• Division (/): Divides the first value by the second.
• Module (%): Returns the remainder of the division between two values.
• Exponentiation (``)**: Raises the first value to the power of the second.

Example:

let a = 10;
let b = 3;

console.log(a + b);  // Adição: 13
console.log(a - b);  // Subtração: 7
console.log(a * b);  // Multiplicação: 30
console.log(a / b);  // Divisão: 3.333
console.log(a % b);  // Módulo: 1 (resto da divisão de 10 por 3)
console.log(a ** b); // Exponenciação: 1000 (10 elevado a 3)

2. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values ​​to variables. The most common operator is "=", but there are combinations with arithmetic operators that make the code easier.

• Assignment (=): Assigns a value to the variable.
• Assignment with addition ( =): Adds and assigns the result to the variable.
• Assignment with subtraction (-=): Subtracts and assigns the result to the variable.
• Assignment with multiplication (*=): Multiplies and assigns the result to the variable.
• Assignment with division (/=): Divides and assigns the result to the variable.

Example:

let x = 5;
x += 3;  // x = x + 3 -> 8
x -= 2;  // x = x - 2 -> 6
x *= 4;  // x = x * 4 -> 24
x /= 2;  // x = x / 2 -> 12

console.log(x);  // Resultado final: 12

3. Comparison Operators

These operators compare two values ​​and return a boolean value (true or false). They are widely used in control structures, such as if, and while.

• Equality (==): Checks if the values ​​are equal, without checking the type.
• Identity (===): Checks if the values ​​and types are exactly the same.
• Different (!=): Checks if the values ​​are different.
• Strict difference (!==): Checks if values ​​and types are different.
• Greater than (>): Checks if the value on the left is greater.
• Less than (<): Checks if the value on the left is smaller.
• Greater or equal (>=): Checks if the value on the left is greater or equal.
• Less than or equal (<=): Checks if the value on the left is less than or equal.

Example:

let a = 10;
let b = 3;

console.log(a + b);  // Adição: 13
console.log(a - b);  // Subtração: 7
console.log(a * b);  // Multiplicação: 30
console.log(a / b);  // Divisão: 3.333
console.log(a % b);  // Módulo: 1 (resto da divisão de 10 por 3)
console.log(a ** b); // Exponenciação: 1000 (10 elevado a 3)

4. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine Boolean expressions (true or false) and are essential for flow control.

• AND ( && ): Returns true if both expressions are true.
• OR ( || ): Returns true if at least one of the expressions is true.
• NOT ( ! ): Inverts the Boolean value of an expression.

Example:

let x = 5;
x += 3;  // x = x + 3 -> 8
x -= 2;  // x = x - 2 -> 6
x *= 4;  // x = x * 4 -> 24
x /= 2;  // x = x / 2 -> 12

console.log(x);  // Resultado final: 12





  
  
  5. Unary Operators


These operators work with just one operand and can modify or return the value of a variable.



Increment ( ): Adds 1 to the variable value.

Decrement (--): Subtract 1 from the variable value.



  
  
  Example:




let num1 = 10;
let num2 = '10';

console.log(num1 == num2);   // true (só compara o valor)
console.log(num1 === num2);  // false (compara valor e tipo)
console.log(num1 != num2);   // false (valores são iguais)
console.log(num1 !== num2);  // true (tipos são diferentes)
console.log(num1 > 5);       // true
console.log(num1 <= 10);     // true
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It is important to remember that the order of these operators influences the behavior of the variable. There are two ways to use them:

• Prefixed x or --x: Use the current value of the variable in the expression and then increment/decrement it.
• Posfixed x or x--: Increments/decrements the value before using it in the expression (as exemplified previously).

Find out more by clicking here

6. Ternary Operators

The ternary operator is a simplified form of an if to assign values ​​based on a condition. Is your structure a condition? value_if_true : value_if_false.

Example:

let a = true;
let b = false;

console.log(a && b);  // false (AND: ambos devem ser verdadeiros)
console.log(a || b);  // true (OR: ao menos um deve ser verdadeiro)
console.log(!a);      // false (NOT: inverte o valor de 'a')

Learn more about Ternary Operators here

7. String Concatenate Operator ( )

The addition operator ( ) can also be used to concatenate strings (join texts).

Example:

let a = 10;
let b = 3;

console.log(a + b);  // Adição: 13
console.log(a - b);  // Subtração: 7
console.log(a * b);  // Multiplicação: 30
console.log(a / b);  // Divisão: 3.333
console.log(a % b);  // Módulo: 1 (resto da divisão de 10 por 3)
console.log(a ** b); // Exponenciação: 1000 (10 elevado a 3)

8. Bitwise Operators (Bitwise)

These operators perform bit-level operations (0s and 1s), generally used in low-level programming, such as hardware operations. It is not common to use these types of operators.

• AND Bit by Bit (&)
• OR Bit by Bit (|)
• XOR Bit by Bit (^)
• NOT Bit by Bit (~)
• Left shift (<<)
• Right shift (>>)

Example:

let x = 5;
x += 3;  // x = x + 3 -> 8
x -= 2;  // x = x - 2 -> 6
x *= 4;  // x = x * 4 -> 24
x /= 2;  // x = x / 2 -> 12

console.log(x);  // Resultado final: 12

Understanding how Operators work is fundamental to building programs that perform calculations, comparisons and control the flow of code efficiently.

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