How Does In-Class Initialization Transform C 11 Object Construction?

In-Class Initialization in C 11: A Shift in Constraints

In C 11, a significant change was introduced, allowing in-class initialization of non-static and non-const members. Before this, such initialization was restricted to static and const members with limited types.

Historically, these restrictions stemmed from the need to avoid multiple definitions in object declarations, which would violate linker rules. However, in C 11, the compiler takes on the burden of resolving these complexities, enabling flexible in-class initialization.

This change has not only eliminated the limitations on static and const members but also extended the functionality to non-static members. Non-delegating constructors can now initialize non-static members with brace-or-equal-initializers.

Additionally, section 9.4.2 of the C 11 standard allows in-class initialization of non-const static members with the constexpr specifier.

The underlying mechanism for this shift is that the compiler handles the potential duplication of definitions internally. The linker is not directly affected, as the compiler ensures that only one actual definition exists.

While this relaxation offers more flexibility, it has introduced additional nuances that programmers need to consider. In cases where multiple initializers are specified for a single member, the rules governing which initializer takes precedence are defined. If a non-default constructor provides an alternative value, it will override the in-class initialization.

Overall, the introduction of in-class initialization in C 11 enhances code readability, reduces the need for additional initialization code, and provides a more consistent approach to object construction.

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