How Can I Efficiently Convert Between Binary and ASCII (Including Unicode) in Python?

Converting Binary to ASCII and Vice Versa

In Python, converting a string to its binary representation is straightforward. Using a combination of reduce(), lambda, ord(), and bin(), the binary equivalent of a string can be obtained. However, this approach requires manual string splicing and mapping to the corresponding ASCII values.

Simpler Conversion Methods

For Python 2, a more concise method is available using the binascii module:

import binascii
bin(int(binascii.hexlify('hello'), 16))

This method converts the ASCII characters in the range [-~, similar to the original code. For conversion back to a string:

binascii.unhexlify('%x' % n)

Python 3.2 Enhancements

In Python 3.2 and above, the bytes type offers additional convenience:

bin(int.from_bytes('hello'.encode(), 'big'))

For conversion back to a string:

n.to_bytes((n.bit_length() + 7) // 8, 'big').decode()

Unicode Support in Python 3

To support all Unicode characters in Python 3, the following function can be used:

def text_to_bits(text, encoding='utf-8', errors='surrogatepass'):
    bits = bin(int.from_bytes(text.encode(encoding, errors), 'big'))[2:]
    return bits.zfill(8 * ((len(bits) + 7) // 8))

def text_from_bits(bits, encoding='utf-8', errors='surrogatepass'):
    n = int(bits, 2)
    return n.to_bytes((n.bit_length() + 7) // 8, 'big').decode(encoding, errors) or '<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false">import binascii

def text_to_bits(text, encoding='utf-8', errors='surrogatepass'):
    bits = bin(int(binascii.hexlify(text.encode(encoding, errors)), 16))[2:]
    return bits.zfill(8 * ((len(bits) + 7) // 8))

def text_from_bits(bits, encoding='utf-8', errors='surrogatepass'):
    n = int(bits, 2)
    return int2bytes(n).decode(encoding, errors)

def int2bytes(i):
    hex_string = '%x' % i
    n = len(hex_string)
    return binascii.unhexlify(hex_string.zfill(n + (n & 1)))

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For Python 2/3 compatibility:

With these functions, converting between binary and Unicode strings becomes effortless in both Python 2 and Python 3.

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