How Can I Create a Table with a Fixed Header and Fixed Column Using Only CSS?

Table with Fixed Header and Fixed Column using Pure CSS

Introduction:

Creating a table with a fixed header and a fixed first column can provide a stable and streamlined user experience for viewing large datasets or tables that extend beyond the visible viewport. Traditionally, JavaScript or jQuery has been employed for this purpose. However, this can encounter performance issues on mobile browsers. This article explores a pure CSS solution to achieve this functionality while maintaining smooth scrolling.

Using CSS Sticky Positioning:

The CSS position: sticky property allows elements to stick to the top, side, or both when scrolled beyond a certain point. This property can be applied to achieve a fixed header and fixed column effect.

Steps:

1. Wrap the table in a container: Create a div container to hold the table.
2. Enable scrolling in the container: Apply overflow: scroll; to the container element.
3. Stick the header to the top: Position the header row (thead tr) using position: sticky and top: 0;.
4. Stick the first column to the side: Position the first column cells (tbody td:first-child or tbody th:first-child) using position: sticky and left: 0;.
5. Apply styling to improve appearance: Enhance the visual appeal by adding styling for the table, header, and column elements.

Additional Considerations:

• Container dimensions: Ensure the container has appropriate max-width and max-height properties to limit scrolling.
• z-index: Use z-index to control the overlap order of sticky elements.
• Browser support: The position: sticky property is supported in modern versions of Chrome, Firefox, and Edge.

Example Code:

.container {
  max-width: 400px;
  max-height: 150px;
  overflow: scroll;
}

thead th {
  position: sticky;
  top: 0;
}

tbody td:first-child, tbody th:first-child {
  position: sticky;
  left: 0;
}

/* Styling */

thead th {
  background: #000;
  color: #FFF;
  z-index: 1;
}

tbody td, tbody th {
  padding: 0.5em;
}

tbody th {
  background: #FFF;
  border-right: 1px solid #CCC;
  box-shadow: 1px 0 0 0 #ccc;
}

table {
  border-collapse: collapse;
}

Conclusion:

By utilizing CSS sticky positioning, it is possible to achieve a fixed header and fixed first column effect in a table without resorting to JavaScript. This solution provides a pure CSS-based approach that ensures smooth scrolling performance, especially on mobile browsers.

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