How Can I Append Strings to Standard Output in Python Without Newlines or Spaces?

Appending Strings to Standard Output: Printing Without Newlines or Spaces

In Python, the print function often adds newlines or spaces between output values. However, there are ways to prevent this and "append" strings to the standard output stream.

Python 3

The print function in Python 3 offers the sep and end parameters:

• end: To omit a newline at the end of the string, specify end='' as the parameter.
• sep: To avoid spacing between arguments, use sep='' as the parameter.

For example:

print('.', end='')  # No newline added
print('a', 'b', 'c', sep='')  # No spaces added

Python 2.6 and 2.7

In Python 2.6 and 2.7, the print function from Python 3 can be imported using __future__:

from __future__ import print_function

This allows the use of the sep and end parameters as in Python 3. However, the flush keyword is not available in Python 2, so manual flushing with sys.stdout.flush() is necessary.

Alternately, sys.stdout.write() can be used in conjunction with sys.stdout.flush():

import sys
sys.stdout.write('.')
sys.stdout.flush()

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