How to Reliably Validate Image File Formats in C#?

How to Validate Image File Format in C#

When loading an image from a file, validation is crucial to prevent errors such as OutOfMemoryExceptions. However, relying solely on file extensions can be unreliable.

Validation Function Prototypes

bool IsValidImage(string fileName);
bool IsValidImage(Stream imageStream);

Solution: Image Validation Based on Byte Signatures

A reliable approach is to check the file's byte signature, which provides information about its format. Here's a C# implementation:

public enum ImageFormat
{
    bmp,
    jpeg,
    gif,
    tiff,
    png,
    unknown
}

public static ImageFormat GetImageFormat(byte[] bytes)
{
    // Byte signatures for various image formats
    var bmp    = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes("BM");     // BMP
    var gif    = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes("GIF");    // GIF
    var png    = new byte[] { 137, 80, 78, 71 };    // PNG
    var tiff   = new byte[] { 73, 73, 42 };         // TIFF
    var tiff2  = new byte[] { 77, 77, 42 };         // TIFF
    var jpeg   = new byte[] { 255, 216, 255, 224 }; // jpeg
    var jpeg2  = new byte[] { 255, 216, 255, 225 }; // jpeg canon

    // Compare the byte signatures to the input bytes
    if (bmp.SequenceEqual(bytes.Take(bmp.Length)))
        return ImageFormat.bmp;

    if (gif.SequenceEqual(bytes.Take(gif.Length)))
        return ImageFormat.gif;

    if (png.SequenceEqual(bytes.Take(png.Length)))
        return ImageFormat.png;

    if (tiff.SequenceEqual(bytes.Take(tiff.Length)))
        return ImageFormat.tiff;

    if (tiff2.SequenceEqual(bytes.Take(tiff2.Length)))
        return ImageFormat.tiff;

    if (jpeg.SequenceEqual(bytes.Take(jpeg.Length)))
        return ImageFormat.jpeg;

    if (jpeg2.SequenceEqual(bytes.Take(jpeg2.Length)))
        return ImageFormat.jpeg;

    return ImageFormat.unknown;
}

Usage Examples

// Example 1: Validate an image using a file path
if (IsValidImage(filePath))
{
    // Load the image safely
}

// Example 2: Validate an image using a stream
Stream imageStream = new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Open);
if (IsValidImage(imageStream))
{
    // Load the image safely
}

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