HybridSimilarity Algorithm

A Deep Dive into the HybridSimilarity Algorithm

This article explores the HybridSimilarity algorithm, a sophisticated neural network designed to assess the similarity between text pairs. This hybrid model cleverly integrates lexical, phonetic, semantic, and syntactic comparisons for a comprehensive similarity score.

<code class="language-python">import numpy as np
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer
from sklearn.decomposition import TruncatedSVD
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
from Levenshtein import ratio as levenshtein_ratio
from phonetics import metaphone
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class HybridSimilarity(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.bert = SentenceTransformer('all-MiniLM-L6-v2')
        self.tfidf = TfidfVectorizer()
        self.attention = nn.MultiheadAttention(embed_dim=384, num_heads=4)
        self.fc = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(1152, 256),
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.LayerNorm(256),
            nn.Linear(256, 1),
            nn.Sigmoid()
        )

    def _extract_features(self, text1, text2):
        # Feature Extraction
        features = {}

        # Lexical Analysis
        features['levenshtein'] = levenshtein_ratio(text1, text2)
        features['jaccard'] = len(set(text1.split()) & set(text2.split())) / len(set(text1.split()) | set(text2.split()))

        # Phonetic Analysis
        features['metaphone'] = 1.0 if metaphone(text1) == metaphone(text2) else 0.0

        # Semantic Analysis (BERT)
        emb1 = self.bert.encode(text1, convert_to_tensor=True)
        emb2 = self.bert.encode(text2, convert_to_tensor=True)
        features['semantic_cosine'] = nn.CosineSimilarity()(emb1, emb2).item()

        # Syntactic Analysis (LSA-TFIDF)
        tfidf_matrix = self.tfidf.fit_transform([text1, text2])
        svd = TruncatedSVD(n_components=1)
        lsa = svd.fit_transform(tfidf_matrix)
        features['lsa_cosine'] = np.dot(lsa[0], lsa[1].T)[0][0]

        # Attention Mechanism
        att_output, _ = self.attention(
            emb1.unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(0), 
            emb2.unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(0), 
            emb2.unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(0)
        )
        features['attention_score'] = att_output.mean().item()

        return torch.tensor(list(features.values())).unsqueeze(0)

    def forward(self, text1, text2):
        features = self._extract_features(text1, text2)
        return self.fc(features).item()

def similarity_coefficient(text1, text2):
    model = HybridSimilarity()
    return model(text1, text2)</code>

Core Components

The HybridSimilarity model relies on these key components:

• Sentence Transformers: Utilizes pre-trained transformer models for semantic embedding generation.
• Levenshtein Distance: Calculates lexical similarity based on character-level edits.
• Metaphone: Determines phonetic similarity.
• TF-IDF and Truncated SVD: Applies Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) for syntactic similarity.
• PyTorch: Provides the framework for building the custom neural network with attention mechanisms and fully connected layers.

Detailed Breakdown

1. Model Setup

The HybridSimilarity class, extending nn.Module, initializes:

• A BERT-based sentence embedding model (all-MiniLM-L6-v2).
• A TF-IDF vectorizer.
• A multi-head attention mechanism.
• A fully connected network to aggregate features and generate the final similarity score.

<code class="language-python">self.bert = SentenceTransformer('all-MiniLM-L6-v2')
self.tfidf = TfidfVectorizer()
self.attention = nn.MultiheadAttention(embed_dim=384, num_heads=4)
self.fc = nn.Sequential(
    nn.Linear(1152, 256),
    nn.ReLU(),
    nn.LayerNorm(256),
    nn.Linear(256, 1),
    nn.Sigmoid()
)</code>

2. Feature Extraction

The _extract_features method computes several similarity features:

• Lexical Similarity:
  • Levenshtein ratio: Quantifies the number of edits (insertions, deletions, substitutions) to transform one text into another.
  • Jaccard index: Measures the overlap of unique words in both texts.

<code class="language-python">features['levenshtein'] = levenshtein_ratio(text1, text2)
features['jaccard'] = len(set(text1.split()) & set(text2.split())) / len(set(text1.split()) | set(text2.split()))</code>

• Phonetic Similarity:
  • Metaphone encoding: Compares phonetic representations.

<code class="language-python">features['metaphone'] = 1.0 if metaphone(text1) == metaphone(text2) else 0.0</code>

• Semantic Similarity:
  • BERT embeddings are generated, and cosine similarity is calculated.

<code class="language-python">emb1 = self.bert.encode(text1, convert_to_tensor=True)
emb2 = self.bert.encode(text2, convert_to_tensor=True)
features['semantic_cosine'] = nn.CosineSimilarity()(emb1, emb2).item()</code>

• Syntactic Similarity:
  • TF-IDF vectorizes the text, and LSA is applied using TruncatedSVD.

<code class="language-python">tfidf_matrix = self.tfidf.fit_transform([text1, text2])
svd = TruncatedSVD(n_components=1)
lsa = svd.fit_transform(tfidf_matrix)
features['lsa_cosine'] = np.dot(lsa[0], lsa[1].T)[0][0]</code>

• Attention-based Feature:
  • Multi-head attention processes the embeddings, and the average attention score is used.

<code class="language-python">att_output, _ = self.attention(
    emb1.unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(0),
    emb2.unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(0),
    emb2.unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(0)
)
features['attention_score'] = att_output.mean().item()</code>

3. Neural Network Fusion

The extracted features are combined and fed into a fully connected neural network. This network outputs a similarity score (0-1).

<code class="language-python">import numpy as np
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer
from sklearn.decomposition import TruncatedSVD
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
from Levenshtein import ratio as levenshtein_ratio
from phonetics import metaphone
import torch
import torch.nn as nn

class HybridSimilarity(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.bert = SentenceTransformer('all-MiniLM-L6-v2')
        self.tfidf = TfidfVectorizer()
        self.attention = nn.MultiheadAttention(embed_dim=384, num_heads=4)
        self.fc = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(1152, 256),
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.LayerNorm(256),
            nn.Linear(256, 1),
            nn.Sigmoid()
        )

    def _extract_features(self, text1, text2):
        # Feature Extraction
        features = {}

        # Lexical Analysis
        features['levenshtein'] = levenshtein_ratio(text1, text2)
        features['jaccard'] = len(set(text1.split()) & set(text2.split())) / len(set(text1.split()) | set(text2.split()))

        # Phonetic Analysis
        features['metaphone'] = 1.0 if metaphone(text1) == metaphone(text2) else 0.0

        # Semantic Analysis (BERT)
        emb1 = self.bert.encode(text1, convert_to_tensor=True)
        emb2 = self.bert.encode(text2, convert_to_tensor=True)
        features['semantic_cosine'] = nn.CosineSimilarity()(emb1, emb2).item()

        # Syntactic Analysis (LSA-TFIDF)
        tfidf_matrix = self.tfidf.fit_transform([text1, text2])
        svd = TruncatedSVD(n_components=1)
        lsa = svd.fit_transform(tfidf_matrix)
        features['lsa_cosine'] = np.dot(lsa[0], lsa[1].T)[0][0]

        # Attention Mechanism
        att_output, _ = self.attention(
            emb1.unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(0), 
            emb2.unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(0), 
            emb2.unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(0)
        )
        features['attention_score'] = att_output.mean().item()

        return torch.tensor(list(features.values())).unsqueeze(0)

    def forward(self, text1, text2):
        features = self._extract_features(text1, text2)
        return self.fc(features).item()

def similarity_coefficient(text1, text2):
    model = HybridSimilarity()
    return model(text1, text2)</code>

Practical Application

The similarity_coefficient function initializes the model and computes the similarity between two input texts.

<code class="language-python">self.bert = SentenceTransformer('all-MiniLM-L6-v2')
self.tfidf = TfidfVectorizer()
self.attention = nn.MultiheadAttention(embed_dim=384, num_heads=4)
self.fc = nn.Sequential(
    nn.Linear(1152, 256),
    nn.ReLU(),
    nn.LayerNorm(256),
    nn.Linear(256, 1),
    nn.Sigmoid()
)</code>

This returns a float between 0 and 1, representing the similarity.

Conclusion

The HybridSimilarity algorithm offers a robust approach to text similarity by integrating various aspects of text comparison. Its combination of lexical, phonetic, semantic, and syntactic analysis allows for a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of text similarity, making it suitable for various applications, including duplicate detection, text clustering, and information retrieval.

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