Introducing CSS Selectors
style attributes (e.g., <p style="color:red;">), this is inefficient for large websites.
<p>A more effective approach involves using a <style> element within the <head> section of your HTML or a separate CSS file (like style.css) linked to your HTML using <link>:
<style>
p {
color: red;
text-decoration: underline;
}
</style><!-- index.html --> <link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet">
/* style.css */
p {
color: red;
text-decoration: underline;
}<p> elements. Browser developer tools (e.g., right-click, "Inspect" in Chrome) let you examine and modify applied styles for troubleshooting.
<p>Selecting HTML Elements
<p>The p in p { color: red; } selects all <p> elements. For more complex structures, id and class attributes provide finer control.
<p>Class and ID Selectors
<p>Each element can have a unique id. ID selectors (#idName) target elements by their id. However, ids must be unique, limiting their flexibility.
<p>Classes offer greater versatility. Multiple elements can share the same class. Class selectors (.className) target elements with that class. Elements can have multiple classes (e.g., <p class="red-text bold">).
<p>.red-text { color: red; } styles all elements with the red-text class. p.red-text specifically styles only <p> elements with red-text.
<p>Combinator Selectors
<p>The Document Object Model (DOM) represents the page's structure as a tree. Combinator selectors leverage this hierarchy.
-
div p: Selects all<p>elements within<div>elements (descendants). -
div > p: Selects only the direct children<p>elements of<div>elements. -
p span: Selects the<span>immediately following a<p>. -
p ~ span: Selects all<span>siblings following a<p>.
<p>Overly complex combinator combinations are discouraged. You can combine them with class selectors (e.g., .intro p).
<p>Pseudo-selectors
<p>Pseudo-class selectors style elements based on their state (e.g., a:hover, a:active, a:visited). Pseudo-element selectors target parts of an element (e.g., ::first-letter).
<p>Other Selectors
-
*: The universal selector, selecting all elements. - Group selectors (e.g.,
h1, h2, p): Select multiple element types. - Attribute selectors (e.g.,
p[lang],p[lang="en"]): Select elements based on attributes.
- Responsive Design
- Responsive Images
- CSS Animations
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