Hot computers are slow and dangerous—here's how to cool yours down

This article has been updated since its original publication on 09/15/18.

Is your laptop feeling like a hotplate? Is the fan noise driving you crazy? High operating temperatures can seriously damage your computer. Learn how to identify overheating and take steps to cool down your device.

The laws of thermodynamics dictate that your computer's electricity generates heat. This heat can damage the very components producing it. Heatsinks, fans, and vents are designed to manage this heat. However, obstructions, fan failure, or inadequate cooling can lead to overheating.

Overheating often manifests as performance slowdown. Modern processors and graphics cards employ thermal throttling—reducing their speed to generate less heat and prevent damage.

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If throttling and maximum fan speed aren't enough, the computer may shut down to protect the CPU from reaching dangerous temperatures. However, older or poorly-made machines might suffer component damage (especially to the motherboard) before automatic shutdown occurs.

"We've seen this countless times," notes Joe Silverman of New York Computer Help. "Excessive heat can melt or break motherboard components, causing complete system failure."

Suspect overheating? (Random shutdowns, excessive heat) Here's how to diagnose and fix the problem.

Diagnosing Overheating

Slowdowns and shutdowns aren't solely caused by heat. Software issues can also be culprits. Fortunately, identifying heat as the problem is relatively straightforward.

"If your computer powers off minutes after startup, without running any programs, that's a red flag," says Silverman. Increased heat during intensive tasks (gaming, etc.) is another indicator. If you're unsure, temperature monitoring apps can help (temperatures are displayed in Celsius).

Speccy is a user-friendly option for Windows. Install and run it; it quickly displays CPU, motherboard, and GPU temperatures, highlighting hot components in red.

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Mac users can utilize Macs Fan Control for temperature monitoring. Avoid manually adjusting fan settings unless you're experienced; stick to "Auto."

Run the chosen app in the background. When experiencing issues, check CPU and GPU temperatures for abnormally high readings.

"Generally, up to 70°C (158°F) is acceptable, but higher temperatures can cause problems," explains Silverman. Throttling usually begins between 90-105°C (194-221°F), depending on the model. Negative or above 110°C (230°F) readings are inaccurate—likely a faulty sensor or app incompatibility.

If temperature spikes coincide with problems, overheating is the likely cause.

Solving Overheating Issues

Once overheating is confirmed, identify the cause:

• Fan Functionality: "If a previously cool computer is now overheating," Silverman advises, "check for fan vibration to confirm it's working." A broken fan requires professional replacement.
• Dust Removal: "Dust, debris, and even food particles can accumulate and worsen overheating," says Silverman. Use compressed air to clean the fan grille, angling the nozzle to blow outwards.
• Airflow: Obstructions hinder cooling. Avoid using your computer on soft surfaces like beds. Use a flat, stable surface to ensure proper airflow. Remove any bottom-mounted laptop cases. High ambient temperatures (above 95°F) necessitate air conditioning.
• Genuine Battery and Adapter: "Aftermarket batteries often cause overheating due to different heat dissipation properties," warns Silverman. Use genuine components.
• Software Updates: Rarely, software or firmware issues can cause overheating. (e.g., Apple's 2018 MacBook models).

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If these solutions are ineffective or the problem remains undiagnosed, seek professional help. While experienced users might attempt internal cleaning, a repair shop offers specialized tools and expertise for thorough cleaning and hardware diagnosis.

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