PHP的静态绑定与动态绑定
除了限制访问,访问方式也决定哪个方法将被子类调用或哪个属性将被子类访问. 函数调用与函数本身的关联,以及成员访问与变量内存地址间的关系,称为绑定.
在计算机语言中有两种主要的绑定方式?静态绑定和动态绑定. 静态绑定发生于数据结构和数据结构间,程序执行之前. 静态绑定发生于编译期, 因此不能利用任何运行期的信息. 它针对函数调用与函数的主体,或变量与内存中的区块. 因为PHP是一种动态语言,它不使用静态绑定. 但是可以模拟静态绑定.
动态绑定则针对运行期产生的访问请求,只用到运行期的可用信息. 在面向对象的代码中,动态绑定意味着决定哪个方法被调用或哪个属性被访问,将基于这个类本身而不基于访问范围.
Public和protected成员的动作类似于PHP的前几个版本中函数的动作,使用动态绑定. 这意味着如果一个方法访问一个在子类中被覆写的类成员,并是一个子类的实例,子类的成员将被访问(而不是访问父类中的成员).
看图1. 这段代码输出” Hey! I am Son.” 因为当PHP调用getSalutation, 是一个Son的实例,是将Father中的salutation覆写而来. 如果salutation是public的,PHP将产生相同的结果. 覆写方法的操作很类似.在Son中,对于identify的调用绑定到那个方法.
即使在子类中访问方式被从protected削弱成public, 动态绑定仍然会发生. 按照访问方式使用的原则,增强对于类成员的访问限制是不可能的. 所以把访问方式从public改变成protected不可能进行.
动态绑定
<?php
class Father
{
protected $salutation = "Hello there!"; //问候
public function getSalutation()
{
print("$this->salutation
");
$this->identify();
}
protected function identify()
{
print("I am Father.
");
}
};
class Son extends Father
{
protected $salutation = "Hey!"; //父类中的protected $salutation 被覆写
protected function identify() //父类中的protected identify() 被覆写
{
print("I am Son.
");
}
};
$obj = new Son();
$obj->getSalutation(); //输出Hey! I am Son.
?>
//注: 在子类中没有覆写getSalutation(),但实际上仍然存在一getSalutation().这个类中的$salutation和identify()
//与Son子类的实例中的getSalutation()方法动态绑定,所以调用Son的实例的getSalutation()方法,
//将调用Son类中的成员salutation及identify(),而不是父类中的成员salutation及identify().
Private成员只存在于它们所在的类内部. 不像public和protected成员那样,PHP模拟静态绑定. 看例子图2 . 它输出”Hello there! I am Father.”,尽管子类覆写了salutation的值. 脚本将this->salutation和当前类Father绑定. 类似的原则应用于private方法identify().
Binding and private members

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