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PHP 和 MySQL 开发的8个技巧

Jun 13, 2016 am 11:00 AM
lamp mysql php and Install develop I Skill yes Architecture of website Configuration

LAMP 架构的网站,我以前注重的多是安装/配置方面的,讲述开发的相对较少,因为自己从事开发也少。本文的原文当然也来自:
Published on The O'Reilly Network (http://www.oreillynet.com/)
http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/onlamp/2002/04/04/webdb.html
看了以后,颇有启发,以前开发中遇到的一些问题,迎刃而解。所以翻译出来和大家共享。
1. PHP 中数组的使用

在操作数据库时,使用关联数组(associatively-indexed arrays)十分有帮助,下面我们看一个基本的数字格式的数组遍历:
$temp[0] = "richmond";
$temp[1] = "tigers";
$temp[2] = "premiers";
for($x=0;$x
{
echo $temp[$x];
echo " ";
}
?>
然而另外一种更加节省代码的方式是:
$temp = array("richmond", "tigers", "premiers");
foreach ($temp as $element)
echo "$element ";
?>
foreach 还能输出文字下标:
$temp = array("club" => "richmond",
"nickname" =>"tigers",
"aim" => "premiers");
foreach ($temp as $key => $value)
echo "$key : $value ";
?>
PHP 手册中描述了大约 50 个用于处理数组的函数。
2. 在 PHP 字符串中加入变量
这个很简单的:
$temp = "hello"
echo "$temp world";
?>
但是需要说明的是,尽管下面的例子没有错误:
$temp = array("one" => 1, "two" => 2);
// 输出:: The first element is 1
echo "The first element is $temp[one].";
?>
但是如果后面那个 echo 语句没有双引号引起来的话,就要报错,因此建议使用花括号:
$temp = array("one" => 1, "two" => 2);
echo "The first element is {$temp["one"]}.";
?>
3. 采用关联数组存取查询结果

看下面的例子:
$connection = mysql_connect("localhost", "albert", "shhh");
mysql_select_db("winestore", $connection);
$result = mysql_query("SELECT cust_id, surname,
firstname FROM customer", $connection);
while ($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))
{
echo "ID:t{$row["cust_id"]}n";
echo "Surnamet{$row["surname"]}n";
echo "First name:t{$row["firstname"]}nn";
}
?>
函数 mysql_fetch_array() 把查询结果的一行放入数组,可以同时用两种方式引用,例如 cust_id 可以同时用下面两种方式:$row["cust_id"] 或者$row[0] 。显然,前者的可读性要比后者好多了。
在多表连查中,如果两个列名字一样,最好用别名分开:
SELECT winery.name AS wname,
region.name AS rname,
FROM winery, region
WHERE winery.region_id = region.region_id;
列名的引用为:$row["wname"] 和 $row["rname"]。
在指定表名和列名的情况下,只引用列名:
SELECT winery.region_id
FROM winery
列名的引用为: $row["region_id"]。
聚集函数的引用就是引用名:
SELECT count(*)
FROM customer;
列名的引用为: $row["count(*)"]。
4. 注意常见的 PHP bug

常见的 PHP 纠错问题是:
No page rendered by the Web browser when much more is expected
A pop-up dialog stating that the "Document Contains No Data"
A partial page when more is expected
出现这些情况的大多数原因并不在于脚本的逻辑,而是 HTML 中存在的 bug 或者脚本生成的 HTML 的 bug 。例如缺少类似之类的关闭 Tag,页面就不能刷新。解决这个问题的办法就是,查看 HTML 的源代码。
对于复杂的,不能查到原因的页面,可以通过 W3C 的页面校验程序 http://validator.w3.org/ 来分析。
如果没有定义变量,或者变量定义错误也会让程序变得古怪。例如下面的死循环:
for($counter=0; $countermyFunction();
?>
变量 $Counter 在增加,而 $counter 永远小于 10。这类错误一般都能通过设置较高的错误报告级别来找到:
error_reporting(E_ALL);
for($counter=0; $countermyFunction();
?>
5. 采用 header() 函数处理单部件查询

在很多 Web 数据库应用中,一些功能往往让用户点击一个连接后,继续停留在当前页面,这样的工作我叫它“单部件查询”。
下面是一个叫做 calling.php 的脚本:
"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd" >
Click here!
当用户点击上面的连接时,就去调用 action.php。下面是 action.php 的源码:
// 数据库功能
// 重定向
header("Location: $HTTP_REFERER");
exit;
?>
这里有两个常见的错误需要提醒一下:
调用 header() 函数后要包含一个 exit 语句让脚本停止,否则后续的脚本可能会在头发送前输出。
header() 函数常见的一个错误是:
Warning: Cannot add header information - headers already sent...
header() 函数只能在 HTML 输出之前被调用,因此你需要检查 php 前面可能存在的空行,空格等等。
6. reload 的问题及其解决

我以前在写 PHP 程序时,经常碰到页面刷新时,数据库多处理一次的情况。
我们来看 addcust.php:
$query = "INSERT INTO customer
SET surname = $surname,
firstname = $firstname";
$connection = mysql_connect("localhost", "fred", "shhh");
mysql_select_db("winestore", $connection);
$result = mysql_query($query, $connection);
?>
"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd" >
I've inserted the customer for you.
?>
假设我们用下面的连接使用这个程序:
http://www.freelamp.com/addcust.php?surname=Smith&firstname=Fred
如果这个请求只提交一次,OK ,不会有问题,但是如果多次刷新,你就会有多条记录插入。
这个问题可以通过 header() 函数解决:下面是新版本的 addcust.php:
$query = "INSERT INTO customer
SET surname = $surname,
firstname = $firstname";
$connection = mysql_connect("localhost", "fred", "shhh");
mysql_select_db("winestore", $connection);
$result = mysql_query($query, $connection);
header("Location: cust_receipt.php");
?>
这个脚本把浏览器重定向到一个新的页面:cust_receipt.php:
"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd" >
I've inserted the customer for you.
这样,原来的页面继续刷新也没有副作用了。
7. 巧用锁机制来提高应用性能

如果我们要紧急运行一个报表,那么,我们可以对表加写锁,防治别人读写,来提高对这个表的处理速度。
8. 用 mysql_unbuffered_query() 开发快速的脚本

这个函数能用来替换 mysql_query() 函数,主要的区别就是 mysql_unbuffered_query() 执行完查询后马上返回,不需要等待或者对数据库加锁。
但是返回的行数不能用mysql_num_rows() 函数来检查,因为输出的结果集大小未知。



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