PHP中的运算符(1)
运算符优先级
运算符优先级指定了两个表达式绑定得有多“紧密”。例如,表达式 1 + 5 * 3 的结果是 16 而不是 18 是因为乘号(“*”)的优先级比加号(“+”)高。必要时可以用括号来强制改变优先级。例如:(1 + 5) * 3 的值为 18。
下表从低到高列出了运算符的优先级。
运算符优先级
结合方向 | 运算符 |
---|---|
左 | , |
左 | or |
左 | xor |
左 | and |
右 | |
右 | = += -= *= /= .= %= &= |= ^= ~= >= |
左 | ? : |
左 | || |
左 | && |
左 | | |
左 | ^ |
左 | & |
无 | == != === !== |
无 | >= |
左 | > |
左 | + - . |
左 | * / % |
右 | ! ~ ++ -- (int) (float) (string) (array) (object) @ |
右 | [ |
无 | new |
注: 尽管 ! 比 = 的优先级高,PHP 仍旧允许类似如下的表达式:if (!$a = foo()),在此例中 foo() 的输出被赋给了 $a。
算术运算符
还记得学校里学到的基本数学知识吗?就和它们一样。
算术运算符
例子 | 名称 | 结果 |
---|---|---|
$a + $b | 加法 | $a 和 $b 的和。 |
$a - $b | 减法 | $a 和 $b 的差。 |
$a * $b | 乘法 | $a 和 $b 的积。 |
$a / $b | 除法 | $a 除以 $b 的商。 |
$a % $b | 取模 | $a 除以 $b 的余数。 |
除号(“/”)总是返回浮点数,即使两个运算数是整数(或由字符串转换成的整数)也是这样。
赋值运算符
基本的赋值运算符是“=”。你一开始可能会以为它是“等于”,其实不是的。它实际上意味着把右边表达式的值赋给左运算数。
赋值运算表达式的值也就是所赋的值。也就是说,“$a = 3”的值是 3。这样就可以使你做一些小技巧:
$a = ($b = 4) + 5; // $a is equal to 9 now, and $b has been set to 4. Copy after login |
在基本赋值运算符之外,还有适合于所有二元算术和字符串运算符的“组和运算符”,这可以让你在一个表达式中使用它的值并把表达式的结果赋给它,例如:
$a = 3;$a += 5; // sets $a to 8, as if we had said: $a = $a + 5;$b = "Hello ";$b .= "There!"; // sets $b to "Hello There!", just like $b = $b . "There!"; Copy after login |
注意赋值运算将原变量的值拷贝到新变量中(传值赋值),所以改变其中一个并不影响另一个。这也适合于你在在紧密循环中拷贝一些值例如大数值。PHP 4 支持引用赋值,用 $var = &$othervar; 语法,但在 PHP 3 中不可能这样做。“引用赋值”意味着两个变量都指向同一个数据,没有任何数据的拷贝。
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