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mysql索引可以分为几种?

Jun 13, 2016 am 11:11 AM
mysql index

mysql索引可以分为几种?

MySQL索引的建立对于MySQL的高效运行是很重要的,索引可以大大提高MySQL的检索速度。

打个比方,如果合理的设计且使用索引的MySQL是一辆兰博基尼的话,那么没有设计和使用索引的MySQL就是一个人力三轮车。

拿汉语字典的目录页(索引)打比方,我们可以按拼音、笔画、偏旁部首等排序的目录(索引)快速查找到需要的字。

索引分单列索引和组合索引。单列索引,即一个索引只包含单个列,一个表可以有多个单列索引,但这不是组合索引。组合索引,即一个索引包含多个列。

创建索引时,你需要确保该索引是应用在 SQL 查询语句的条件(一般作为 WHERE 子句的条件)。

实际上,索引也是一张表,该表保存了主键与索引字段,并指向实体表的记录。

上面都在说使用索引的好处,但过多的使用索引将会造成滥用。因此索引也会有它的缺点:虽然索引大大提高了查询速度,同时却会降低更新表的速度,如对表进行INSERT、UPDATE和DELETE。因为更新表时,MySQL不仅要保存数据,还要保存一下索引文件。

建立索引会占用磁盘空间的索引文件。

mysql索引的分类

MySQL索引分为普通索引、唯一索引、主键索引、组合索引、全文索引。索引不会包含有null值的列,索引项可以为null(唯一索引、组合索引等),但是只要列中有null值就不会被包含在索引中。

(1)普通索引:create index index_name on table(column);

或者创建表时指定,create table(..., index index_name column);

(2)唯一索引:类似普通索引,索引列的值必须唯一(可以为空,这点和主键索引不同)

create unique index index_name on table(column);或者创建表时指定unique index_name?column

(3)主键索引:特殊的唯一索引,不允许为空,只能有一个,一般是在建表时指定primary key(column)

(4)组合索引:在多个字段上创建索引,遵循最左前缀原则。alter table t add index index_name(a,b,c);

(5)全文索引:主要用来查找文本中的关键字,不是直接与索引中的值相比较,像是一个搜索引擎,配合match against使用,现在只有char,varchar,text上可以创建全文索引。在数据量较大时,先将数据放在一张没有全文索引的表里,然后再利用create index创建全文索引,比先生成全文索引再插入数据快很多。

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