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PHP的unset究竟会不会释放内存?

Jun 13, 2016 am 11:28 AM
dump get memory php unset var example Memory us of look after all freed

首先让我们看一个例子

    var_dump(memory_get_usage());
    $a = "laruence";
    var_dump(memory_get_usage());
    unset($a);
    var_dump(memory_get_usage());

输出(在我的个人电脑上, 可能会因为系统,PHP版本,载入的扩展不同而不同):

    int(90440)
    int(90640)
    int(90472

注意到 90472-90440=32, 于是就有了各种的结论, 有的人说PHP的unset并不真正释放内存, 有的说, PHP的unset只是在释放大变量(大量字符串, 大数组)的时候才会真正free内存, 更有人说, 在PHP层面讨论内存是没有意义的.

那么, 到底unset会不会释放内存? 这32个字节跑哪里去了?

要回答这个问题, 我将从俩个方面入手:
这32个字节去哪里了

首先我们要打破一个思维: PHP不像C语言那样, 只有你显示的调用内存分配相关API才会有内存的分配.
也就是说, 在PHP中, 有很多我们看不到的内存分配过程.
比如对于:

    $a = "laruence";

隐式的内存分配点就有:

    1. 为变量名分配内存, 存入符号表
    2. 为变量值分配内

所以, 不能只看表象.
第二, 别怀疑,PHP的unset确实会释放内存(当然, 还要结合引用和计数, 这部分的内容请参看我之前的文章深入理解PHP原理之变量分离/引用), 但这个释放不是C编程意义上的释放, 不是交回给OS.
对于PHP来说, 它自身提供了一套和C语言对内存分配相似的内存管理API,这些API和C的API意义对应, 在PHP内部都是通过这些API来管理内存的.

当我们调用emalloc申请内存的时候, PHP并不是简单的向OS要内存, 而是会像OS要一个大块的内存, 然后把其中的一块分配给申请者, 这样当再有逻辑来申请内存的时候, 就不再需要向OS申请内存了, 避免了频繁的系统调用.

比如如下的例子:

        var_dump(memory_get_usage(TRUE)); //注意获取的是real_size
    $a = "laruence";
    var_dump(memory_get_usage(TRUE));
    unset($a);
    var_dump(memory_get_usage(TRUE));

输出:

    int(262144)
    int(262144)
    int(262144

也就是我们在定义变量$a的时候, PHP并没有向系统申请新内存.

同 样的, 在我们调用efree释放内存的时候, PHP也不会把内存还给OS, 而会把这块内存, 归入自己维护的空闲内存列表. 而对于小块内存来说, 更可能的是, 把它放到内存缓存列表中去(后记, 某些版本的PHP, 比如我验证过的PHP5.2.4, 5.2.6, 5.2.8, 在调用get_memory_usage()的时候, 不会减去内存缓存列表中的可用内存块大小, 导致看起来, unset以后内存不变).

现在让我来回答这32个字节跑哪里去了, 就向我刚才说的, 很多内存分配的过程不是显式的, 看了下面的代码你就明白了:

        var_dump("I am www.7di.net");
    var_dump(memory_get_usage());
    $a = "laruence";
    var_dump(memory_get_usage());
    unset($a);
    var_dump(memory_get_usage());

输出:

    string(43) "I am www.7di.net"
    int(90808) //赋值前
    int(90976)
    int(90808) //是的, 内存正常释放

90808-90808 = 0, 正常了, 也就是说这32个字节是被输出函数给占用了(严格来说, 是被输出的Header占用了)

 
只增不减的数组

Hashtable是PHP的核心结构(了解Hashtable, 可以参看我之前的文章深入理解PHP之数组(遍历顺序)), 数组也是用她来表示的, 而符号表也是一种关联数组, 对于如下代码:

    var_dump("I am www.7di.net");
    var_dump(memory_get_usage());
    $array = array_fill(1, 100, "laruence");
    foreach ($array as $key => $value) {
        ${$value . $key} = NULL;
    }
    var_dump(memory_get_usage());
    foreach ($array as $key=> $value) {
        unset(${$value . $key});
    }
    var_dump(memory_get_usage());

我们定义了100个变量, 然后又按个Unset了他们, 来看看输出:

    string(43) "I am www.7di.net"
    int(93560)
    int(118848)
    int(104448

Wow, 怎么少了这么多内存?
这是因为对于Hashtable来说, 定义它的时候, 不可能一次性分配足够多的内存块, 来保存未知个数的元素, 所以PHP会在初始化的时候, 只是分配一小部分内存块给HashTable, 当不够用的时候再RESIZE扩容,

而Hashtable, 只能扩容, 不会减少, 对于上面的例子, 当我们存入100个变量的时候, 符号表不够用了, 做了一次扩容, 而当我们依次unset掉这100个变量以后, 变量占用的内存是释放了(118848 – 104448), 但是符号表并没有缩小, 所以这些少的内存是被符号表本身占去了…

现在, 你是不是对PHP的内存管理有了一个初步的认识了呢?

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