提升网站性能的十四条PHP编程细节
帮客之家(www.Bkjia.com)教程 相信互联网已经越来越成为人们生活中不可或缺的一部分。ajax，flex等等富客户端的应用使得人们越加“幸福”地体验着许多原先只能在C/S实现的功能。比如Google机会已经把最基本的office应用都搬到了互联网上。当然便利的同时毫无疑问的也使页面的速度越来越慢。自己是做前端开发的，在性能方面，根据yahoo的调查，后台只占5%，而前端高达95%之多，其中有88%的东西是可以优化的。
以上是一张web2.0页面的生命周期图。工程师很形象地讲它分成了“怀孕，出生，毕业，结婚”四个阶段。如果在我们点击网页链接的时候能够意识到 这个过程而不是简单的请求-响应的话，我们便可以挖掘出很多细节上可以提升性能的东西。今天听了淘宝小马哥的一个对yahoo开发团队对web性能研究的 一个讲座，感觉收获很大，想在blog上做个分享。
相信很多人都听过优化网站性能的14条规则。更多的信息可见developer.yahoo.com
1. 尽可能的减少 HTTP 的请求数
[content]
2. 使用 CDN（Content Delivery Network）
[server]
3. 添加 Expires 头(或者 Cache-control )
[server]
4. Gzip 组件
[server]
5. 将 CSS 样式放在页面的上方
[css]
6. 将脚本移动到底部（包括内联的）
[javascript]
7. 避免使用 CSS 中的 Expressions
[css]
8. 将 JavaScript 和 CSS 独立成外部文件
[javascript] [css]
9. 减少 DNS 查询
[content]
10. 压缩 JavaScript 和 CSS (包括内联的)
[javascript] [css]
11. 避免重定向
[server]
12. 移除重复的脚本
[javascript]
13. 配置实体标签（ETags）
[css]
14. 使 AJAX 缓存
在firefox下有一个插件yslow，集成在firebug中，你可以用它很方便地来看看自己的网站在这几个方面的表现。
这是对用yslow对我的网站西风坊测评的结果，很遗憾，只有51分。呵呵。中国各大网站的分值都不高，刚测了一下，新浪和网易都是31分。然后yahoo（美国）的分值确实97分！可见yahoo在这方面作出的努力。从他们总结的这14条规则，已经现在又新增加的20个点来看，有很多细节我们真得是怎么都不会去想，有些做法甚至是有些“变态”了。
第一条、尽可能的减少 HTTP 的请求数 （Make Fewer HTTP Requests ）
http请求是要开销的，想办法减少请求数自然可以提高网页速度。常用的方法，合并css，js（将一个页面中的css和js文件分别合并）以及 Image maps和css sprites等。当然或许将css，js文件拆分多个是因为css结构，共用等方面的考虑。阿里巴巴中文站当时的做法是开发时依然分开开发，然后在后台对js，css进行合并，这样对于浏览器来说依然是一个请求，但是开发时仍然能还原成多个，方便管理和重复引用。yahoo甚至建议将首页的css和js 直接写在页面文件里面，而不是外部引用。因为首页的访问量太大了，这么做也可以减少两个请求数。而事实上国内的很多门户都是这么做的。
而css sprites是指只用将页面上的背景图合并成一张，然后通过css的background-position属性定义不过的值来取他的背景。淘宝和阿里巴巴中文站目前都是这样做的。有兴趣的可以看下淘宝和阿里巴巴的背景图。
http://www.csssprites.com/ 这是个工具网站，它可以自动将你上传的图片合并并给出对应的background-position坐标。并将结果以png和gif的格式输出。
第二条、使用CDN（内容分发网络）: Use a Content Delivery Network
说实话，对于CDN这一块自己并不是很了解，简单地讲，通过在现有的Internet中增加一层新的网络架构，将网站的内容发布到最接近用户的 cache服务器内，通过DNS负载均衡的技术，判断用户来源就近访问cache服务器取得所需的内容，杭州的用户访问近杭州服务器上的内容，北京的访问 近北京服务器上的内容。这样可以有效减少数据在网络上传输的时间，提高速度。更详细地内容大家可以参考百度百科上对于CDN的解释。Yahoo!把静态内容分布到CDN减少了用户影响时间20%或更多。
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