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php二分法在IP地址查询中的应用

Jun 13, 2016 pm 12:27 PM
php two exist Address query storage application database Record

数据库大概存储几十万条IP记录,记录集如下:


+----------+----------+------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+ 
| ip_begin | ip_end   | country_id | prov_id | city_id | isp_id | netbar | 
+----------+----------+------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+ 
|        0 | 16777215 |          2 |       0 |       0 |      0 |      0 | 
| 16777216 | 33554431 |          2 |       0 |       0 |      0 |      0 | 
| 33554432 | 50331647 |          2 |       0 |       0 |      0 |      0 | 
| 50331648 | 67108863 |          3 |       0 |       0 |      0 |      0 | 
| 67108864 | 67829759 |          3 |       0 |       0 |      0 |      0 | 
+----------+----------+------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+ 
  这样做查询需要用到如下SQL:
$sql = 'SELECT * FROM i_m_ip WHERE ip_begin = $client_ip';
?>
  这样的检索显然用不到索引,即使用到,MySQL查询效率也不大可能达到每秒500次以上,我做了很多并发优化,最终平均查询效率也只有每秒200次左右,实在是头痛。一开始我也有想到借鉴纯真IP库的检索方法,但是我一直对算法有抵触,也以为二分法很难,所以就没有尝试使用,直到最后没有办法了,才最终实现了二分法的IP地址检索。
  从上表可以看到IP库是从0到4294967295的一个连续数值,这个数值要是拆开存储,会有几百G的数据,所以没办法使用索引也没办法哈希。最终我使用PHP将这些东东转为二进制存储,抛弃了数据库的检索。可以看到IP起止长度为一个4字节的长整型,后面的国家ID、省份ID等,可以使用2个字节的短整型来存储,总共一行数据就有18个字节,总共31万条数据,算起来也就5M的样子。具体IP库生成代码如下:
/*
IP文件格式:
3741319168    3758096383    182    0    0    0    0
3758096384    3774873599    3    0    0    0    0
3774873600    4026531839    182    0    0    0    0
4026531840    4278190079    182    0    0    0    0
4294967040    4294967295    312    0    0    0    0
*/
set_time_limit(0);
$handle = fopen('./ip.txt', 'rb');
$fp = fopen("./ip.dat", 'ab');
if ($handle) {
    while (!feof($handle)) {
        $buffer = fgets($handle);
        $buffer = trim($buffer);
        $buffer = explode("\t", $buffer);
        foreach ($buffer as $key => $value) {
            $buffer[$key] = (float) trim($value);
        }
        $str = pack('L', $buffer[0]);
        $str .= pack('L', $buffer[1]);
        $str .= pack('S', $buffer[2]);
        $str .= pack('S', $buffer[3]);
        $str .= pack('S', $buffer[4]);
        $str .= pack('S', $buffer[5]);
        $str .= pack('S', $buffer[6]);
        fwrite($fp, $str);
    }
}
?>

  这样IP就按照顺序每18字节一个单位排列了,所以很容易就使用二分法来检索出IP信息:
function getip($ip, $fp) {
    fseek($fp, 0);
    $begin = 0;
    $end   = filesize('./ip.dat');
    $begin_ip = implode('', unpack('L', fread($fp, 4)));
    fseek($fp, $end - 14);
    $end_ip   = implode('', unpack('L', fread($fp, 4)));
    $begin_ip = sprintf('%u', $begin_ip);
    $end_ip   = sprintf('%u', $end_ip);

    do {
        if ($end - $begin             fseek($fp, $begin + 8);
            $info = array();
            $info[0] = implode('', unpack('S', fread($fp, 2)));
            $info[1] = implode('', unpack('S', fread($fp, 2)));
            $info[2] = implode('', unpack('S', fread($fp, 2)));
            $info[3] = implode('', unpack('S', fread($fp, 2)));
            $info[4] = implode('', unpack('S', fread($fp, 2)));
            return $info;
        }

        $middle_seek = ceil((($end - $begin) / 18) / 2) * 18 + $begin;

        fseek($fp, $middle_seek);
        $middle_ip = implode('', unpack('L', fread($fp, 4)));
        $middle_ip = sprintf('%u', $middle_ip);

        if ($ip >= $middle_ip) {
            $begin = $middle_seek;
        } else {
            $end = $middle_seek;
        }
    } while (true);
}

  以上$fp为打开ip.dat的文件句柄,由于是循环检索,所以写在函数外面,免得每次检索都要打开一次文件,30W行数据二分法最多也只需要循环7次(2^7)左右即可找到准确的IP信息。之后本来还想将ip.dat放在内存中加快检索速度,后来发现,字符串定位函数的效率,根本和文件指针的偏移定位不是在一个数量级的,所以还是放弃使用内存来存放IP库。
  这个实现,使IP检索效率提高了近百倍,只是一个简单的二分法的应用,从此算法在WEB应用中不重要的观念彻底打消了。其实要实现这个,我还请教了金狐,我一开始是请他帮我生成一个纯真格式的IP库,然后用Discuz的IP查询函数来检索,不过他不肯帮我,最后造就了我的这个实践和学习。有时候,求人不如求己。

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