第十节--抽象方法和抽象类
/*
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| = 本文为Haohappy读>
| = 中Classes and Objects一章的笔记
| = 翻译为主+个人心得
| = 为避免可能发生的不必要的麻烦请勿转载,谢谢
| = 欢迎批评指正,希望和所有PHP爱好者共同进步!
| = PHP5研究中心: http://blog.csdn.net/haohappy2004
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
*/
第十节--抽象方法和抽象类
面向对象程序通过类的分层结构构建起来. 在单重继承语言如PHP中, 类的继承是树状的. 一个根类有一个或更多的子类,再从每个子类继承出一个或更多下一级子类. 当然,可能存在多个根类,用来实现不同的功能. 在一个良好设计的体系中,每个根类都应该有一个有用的接口, 可以被应用代码所使用. 如果我们的应用代码被设计成与根类一起工作,那么它也可以和任何一个从根类继承出来的子类合作.
抽象方法是就像子类中一般的方法的占位符(占个地方但不起作用),它与一般方法不同—没有任何代码. 如果类中存在一个或更多抽象方法, 那么这个类就成了抽象类. 你不能实例化抽象类. 你必须继承它们,然后实例化子类. 你也可以把抽象类看成是子类的一个模板.
如果你覆写所有的抽象方法, 子类就变成一个普通的类. 如果没有覆写所有方法, 子类仍是抽象的. 如果一个类中中包含有抽象方法(哪怕只有一个), 你必须声明这个类是抽象的, 在class关键字前加上abstract.
声明抽象方法的语法与声明一般方法不同. 抽象方法的没有像一般方法那样包含在大括号{}中的主体部份,并用分号;来结束.
在例子6.13中, 我们定义了一个含有getArea方法的类Shape. 但由于不知道形状不可能确定图形的面积,确良我们声明了getArea方法为抽象方法. 你不能实例化一个Shape对象,但你可以继承它或在一个表达式中使用它, 就像例6.13中那样.
如果你建立了一个只有抽象方法的类,你就定义了一个接口(interface). 为了说明这种情况, PHP中有interface 和implements关键字. 你可以用interface来代替抽象类, 用implements来代替extends来说明你的类定义或使用一个接口. 例如, 你可以写一个myClass implements myIterface. 这两种方法可以依个人偏爱来选择.
/*注:
两种方法即指:
1. abstract class aaa{} (注意aaa中只有抽象方法,没有一般方法)
class bbb extends aaa{} (在bbb中覆写aaa中的抽象方法)
2. interface aaa{}
class bbb implements aaa{} (在bbb中覆写aaa中的抽象方法)
*/
Listing 6.13 Abstract classes
复制代码 代码如下:
//abstract root class 抽象根类
abstract class Shape
{
abstract function getArea(); //定义一个抽象方法
}
//abstract child class 抽象子类
abstract class Polygon extends Shape //多边形
{
abstract function getNumberOfSides();
}
//concrete class 实体类 三角形类
class Triangle extends Polygon
{
public $base;
public $height;
public function getArea() //覆写计算面积方法
{
return(($this->base * $this->height)/2);
}
public function getNumberOfSides() //覆写边数统计方法
{
return(3);
}
}
//concrete class 实体类四边形
class Rectangle extends Polygon
{
public $width;
public $height;
public function getArea()
{
return($this->width * $this->height);
}
public function getNumberOfSides()
{
return(4);
}
}
//concrete class 实体类 圆形
class Circle extends Shape
{
public $radius;
public function getArea()
{
return(pi() * $this->radius * $this->radius);
}
}
//concrete root class 定义一个颜色类
class Color
{
public $name;
}
$myCollection = array(); //建立形状的集合,放入数组
//make a rectangle
$r = new Rectangle;
$r->width = 5;
$r->height = 7;
$myCollection[] = $r;
unset($r);
//make a triangle
$t = new Triangle;
$t->base = 4;
$t->height = 5;
$myCollection[] = $t;
unset($t);
//make a circle
$c = new Circle;
$c->radius = 3;
$myCollection[] = $c;
unset($c);
//make a color
$c = new Color;
$c->name = "blue";
$myCollection[] = $c;
unset($c);
foreach($myCollection as $s)
{
if($s instanceof Shape) //如果$s是Shape类的实例
{
print("Area: " . $s->getArea() .
"
\n");
}
if($s instanceof Polygon)
{
print("Sides: " .
$s->getNumberOfSides() .
"
\n");
}
if($s instanceof Color)
{
print("Color: $s->name
\n");
}
print("
\n");
}
?>

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