第九节 绑定 [9]
除了限制访问,访问方式也决定哪个方法将被子类调用或哪个属性将被子类访问. 函数调用与函数本身的关联,以及成员访问与变量内存地址间的关系,称为绑定.
在计算机语言中有两种主要的绑定方式—静态绑定和动态绑定. 静态绑定发生于数据结构和数据结构间,程序执行之前. 静态绑定发生于编译期, 因此不能利用任何运行期的信息. 它针对函数调用与函数的主体,或变量与内存中的区块. 因为PHP是一种动态语言,它不使用静态绑定. 但是可以模拟静态绑定.
动态绑定则针对运行期产生的访问请求,只用到运行期的可用信息. 在面向对象的代码中,动态绑定意味着决定哪个方法被调用或哪个属性被访问,将基于这个类本身而不基于访问范围.
Public和protected成员的动作类似于PHP的前几个版本中函数的动作,使用动态绑定. 这意味着如果一个方法访问一个在子类中被覆写的类成员,并是一个子类的实例,子类的成员将被访问(而不是访问父类中的成员).
看例子6.10. 这段代码输出” Hey! I am Son.” 因为当PHP调用getSalutation, 是一个Son的实例,是将Father中的salutation覆写而来. 如果salutation是public的,PHP将产生相同的结果. 覆写方法的操作很类似.在Son中,对于identify的调用绑定到那个方法.
即使在子类中访问方式被从protected削弱成public, 动态绑定仍然会发生. 按照访问方式使用的原则,增强对于类成员的访问限制是不可能的. 所以把访问方式从public改变成protected不可能进行.
Listing 6.10 Dynamic binding 动态绑定
class Father
{
protected $salutation = "Hello there!"; file://问候
public function getSalutation()
{
print("$this->salutationn");
$this->identify();
}
protected function identify()
{
print("I am Father.
n");
}
};
class Son extends Father
{
protected $salutation = "Hey!"; file://父类中的protected $salutation 被覆写
protected function identify() file://父类中的protected identify() 被覆写
{
print("I am Son.
n");
}
};
$obj = new Son();
$obj->getSalutation(); file://输出Hey! I am Son.
?>
//注: 在子类中没有覆写getSalutation(),但实际上仍然存在一个getSalutation().这个类中的$salutation和identify()
//与Son子类的实例中的getSalutation()方法动态绑定,所以调用Son的实例的getSalutation()方法,
//将调用Son类中的成员salutation及identify(),而不是父类中的成员salutation及identify().
Private成员只存在于它们所在的类内部. 不像public和protected成员那样,PHP模拟静态绑定. 看例子6.11. 它输出”Hello there! I am Father.”,尽管子类覆写了salutation的值. 脚本将this->salutation和当前类Father绑定. 类似的原则应用于private方法identify().
Listing 6.11 Binding and private members
class Father
{
private $salutation = "Hello there!";
public function getSalutation()
{
print("$this->salutationn");
$this->identify();
}
private function identify()
{
print("I am Father.
n");
}
}
class Son extends Father
{
private $salutation = "Hey!";
private function identify()
{
print("I am Son.
n");
}
}
$obj = new Son();
$obj->getSalutation(); file://输出Hello there! I am Father.
?>动态绑定的好处是允许继承类来改变父类的行为,同时可以保持父类的接口和功能. 看例子6.12. 由于使用了动态绑定,在deleteUser中被调用的isAuthorized的version 可以由对象的类型来确定. 如果是一个普通的user,PHP调用User::isAuthorized会返回FALSE.如果是一个AuthorizedUser的实例,PHP调用AuthorizedUser::isAuthorized,将允许deleteUser顺利执行.
//haohappy注:用一句话说清楚,就是对象类型与方法,属性绑定. 调用一个父类与子类中都存在的方法或访问一个属性时,会先判断实例属于哪种对象类型,再调用相应的类中的方法和属性.
Listing 6.12 动态绑定的好处
class User file://用户
{
protected function isAuthorized() file://是否是验证用户
{
return(FALSE);
}
public function getName() file://获得名字
{
return($this->name);
}
public function deleteUser($username) file://删除用户
{
if(!$this->isAuthorized())
{
print("You are not authorized.
n");
return(FALSE);
}
//delete the user
print("User deleted.
n");
}
}
class AuthorizedUser extends User file://认证用户
{
protected function isAuthorized() file://覆写isAuthorized()
{
return(TRUE);
}
}
$user = new User;
$admin = new AuthorizedUser;
//not authorized
$user->deleteUser("Zeev");
//authorized
$admin->deleteUser("Zeev");
?> 为什么private的类成员模拟静态绑定? 为了回答这个问题, 你需要回忆一下为什么需要有private成员.什么时候用它们来代替protected成员是有意义的?
private成员只有当你不想让子类继承改变或特殊化父类的行为时才用到. 这种情况比你想像的要少. 通常来说,一个好的对象分层结构应当允许绝大多数功能被子类特殊化,改进,或改变—这是面向对象编程的基础之一. 一定的情况下需要private方法或变量,例如当你确信你不想允许子类改变父类中的某个特定的部份.

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