Python中的闭包实例详解
一般来说闭包这个概念在很多语言中都有涉及，本文主要谈谈python中的闭包定义及相关用法。Python中使用闭包主要是在进行函数式开发时使用。详情分析如下：
一、定义
python中的闭包从表现形式上定义（解释）为：如果在一个内部函数里，对在外部作用域（但不是在全局作用域）的变量进行引用，那么内部函数就被认为是闭包(closure).这个定义是相对直白的，好理解的，不像其他定义那样学究味道十足（那些学究味道重的解释，在对一个名词的解释过程中又充满了一堆让人抓狂的其他陌生名词，不适合初学者）。下面举一个简单的例子来说明。
>>>def addx(x): >>> def adder(y): return x + y >>> return adder >>> c = addx(8) >>> type(c) <type 'function'> >>> c.__name__ 'adder' >>> c(10) 18
结合这段简单的代码和定义来说明闭包：
如果在一个内部函数里：adder(y)就是这个内部函数，
对在外部作用域（但不是在全局作用域）的变量进行引用：x就是被引用的变量，x在外部作用域addx里面，但不在全局作用域里，
则这个内部函数adder就是一个闭包。
再稍微讲究一点的解释是，闭包=函数块+定义函数时的环境，adder就是函数块，x就是环境，当然这个环境可以有很多，不止一个简单的x。
二、使用闭包注意事项
1.闭包中是不能修改外部作用域的局部变量的
>>> def foo(): ... m = 0 ... def foo1(): ... m = 1 ... print m ... ... print m ... foo1() ... print m ... >>> foo() 0 1 0
从执行结果可以看出，虽然在闭包里面也定义了一个变量m，但是其不会改变外部函数中的局部变量m。
2.以下这段代码是在python中使用闭包时一段经典的错误代码
def foo(): a = 1 def bar(): a = a + 1 return a return bar
这段程序的本意是要通过在每次调用闭包函数时都对变量a进行递增的操作。但在实际使用时
>>> c = foo() >>> print c() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "<stdin>", line 4, in bar UnboundLocalError: local variable 'a' referenced before assignment
这是因为在执行代码 c = foo()时，python会导入全部的闭包函数体bar()来分析其的局部变量，python规则指定所有在赋值语句左面的变量都是局部变量，则在闭包bar()中，变量a在赋值符号"="的左面，被python认为是bar()中的局部变量。再接下来执行print c()时，程序运行至a = a + 1时，因为先前已经把a归为bar()中的局部变量，所以python会在bar()中去找在赋值语句右面的a的值，结果找不到，就会报错。解决的方法很简单
def foo(): a = [1] def bar(): a[0] = a[0] + 1 return a[0] return bar
只要将a设定为一个容器就可以了。这样使用起来多少有点不爽，所以在python3以后，在a = a + 1 之前，使用语句nonlocal a就可以了，该语句显式的指定a不是闭包的局部变量。
3.还有一个容易产生错误的事例也经常被人在介绍python闭包时提起，我一直都没觉得这个错误和闭包有什么太大的关系，但是它倒是的确是在python函数式编程是容易犯的一个错误，我在这里也不妨介绍一下。先看下面这段代码
for i in range(3): print i
在程序里面经常会出现这类的循环语句，Python的问题就在于，当循环结束以后，循环体中的临时变量i不会销毁，而是继续存在于执行环境中。还有一个python的现象是，python的函数只有在执行时，才会去找函数体里的变量的值。
flist = [] for i in range(3): def foo(x): print x + i flist.append(foo) for f in flist: f(2)
可能有些人认为这段代码的执行结果应该是2,3,4.但是实际的结果是4,4,4。这是因为当把函数加入flist列表里时，python还没有给i赋值，只有当执行时，再去找i的值是什么，这时在第一个for循环结束以后，i的值是2，所以以上代码的执行结果是4,4,4.
解决方法也很简单，改写一下函数的定义就可以了。
for i in range(3): def foo(x,y=i): print x + y flist.append(foo)
三、作用
说了这么多，不免有人要问，那这个闭包在实际的开发中有什么用呢？闭包主要是在函数式开发过程中使用。以下介绍两种闭包主要的用途。
用途1：当闭包执行完后，仍然能够保持住当前的运行环境。
比如说，如果你希望函数的每次执行结果，都是基于这个函数上次的运行结果。我以一个类似棋盘游戏的例子来说明。假设棋盘大小为50*50，左上角为坐标系原点(0,0)，我需要一个函数，接收2个参数，分别为方向(direction)，步长(step)，该函数控制棋子的运动。棋子运动的新的坐标除了依赖于方向和步长以外，当然还要根据原来所处的坐标点，用闭包就可以保持住这个棋子原来所处的坐标。
origin = [0, 0] # 坐标系统原点 legal_x = [0, 50] # x轴方向的合法坐标 legal_y = [0, 50] # y轴方向的合法坐标 def create(pos=origin): def player(direction,step): # 这里应该首先判断参数direction,step的合法性，比如direction不能斜着走，step不能为负等 # 然后还要对新生成的x，y坐标的合法性进行判断处理，这里主要是想介绍闭包，就不详细写了。 new_x = pos[0] + direction[0]*step new_y = pos[1] + direction[1]*step pos[0] = new_x pos[1] = new_y #注意！此处不能写成 pos = [new_x, new_y]，原因在上文有说过 return pos return player player = create() # 创建棋子player，起点为原点 print player([1,0],10) # 向x轴正方向移动10步 print player([0,1],20) # 向y轴正方向移动20步 print player([-1,0],10) # 向x轴负方向移动10步
输出为：
[10, 0] [10, 20] [0, 20]
用途2：闭包可以根据外部作用域的局部变量来得到不同的结果，这有点像一种类似配置功能的作用，我们可以修改外部的变量，闭包根据这个变量展现出不同的功能。比如有时我们需要对某些文件的特殊行进行分析，先要提取出这些特殊行。
def make_filter(keep): def the_filter(file_name): file = open(file_name) lines = file.readlines() file.close() filter_doc = [i for i in lines if keep in i] return filter_doc return the_filter
如果我们需要取得文件"result.txt"中含有"pass"关键字的行，则可以这样使用例子程序
filter = make_filter("pass")
filter_result = filter("result.txt")
以上两种使用场景，用面向对象也是可以很简单的实现的，但是在用Python进行函数式编程时，闭包对数据的持久化以及按配置产生不同的功能，是很有帮助的。
相信本文所述对大家的Python程序设计有一定的借鉴价值。
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