闭包在python中的应用之translate和maketrans用法详解
相对来说python对字符串的处理是比较高效的，方法也有很多。其中maketrans和translate两个方法被应用的很多，本文就针对这两个方法的用法做一总结整理。
首先让我们先回顾下这两个方法：
① s.translate(table,str) 对字符串s移除str包含的字符，剩下的字符串按照table里的字符映射关系替换。table可以理解为转换表，比较'a' -> 'A', 'b'->'B'.
② tabel = string.maketrans('s1', 's2') s1 和 s2 的长度必须一致，maketrans生成一个转换表，若在s中有s1，则替换为s2，这个转换表是字符字符一个个对应的，没必要全部包含。
举几个例子：
import string
s = 'helloworld, 0001111'
table = string.maketrans('','')#没有映射，保留原字符串
s.translate(table) #hello world, 0001111
s.translate(table, 'hello000)'#world, 1111
table = string.maketrans('abcdefgh','ABCDEFGH')
s.translate(table)#HEllo,worlD,0001111
s.translate(table,'world')#HEllo,0001111
我们现在可以将makerans,translate包装起来，形成一个返回闭包的工厂函数（print就是工厂函数），如下所示：
import string
def translator(frm = '', to='', delete= '', keep = None):
if len(to) == 1:
to = to * len(frm)
trans = string.maketrans(frm, to)
if keep is not None:
allchars = string.maketrans('','')
delete = allchars.translate(allchars, keep.translate(allchars, delete))
def translate(s):
return s.translate(trans, delete)
return translate
函数的最后用到了闭包，闭包是指有权访问另一个函数作用域中的变量的函数。创建闭包的常见方式，就是在一个函数内部创建另一个函数：
def make_adder(addend): def adder(augend): return augend + addend return adder
执行 p = make_addr(23)将产生内层函数addr的一个闭包，这个闭包在内部引用了名字addend,而addend又绑定到数值23,执行p(100)则最终返回123。
现在我们已经把各种可能性封闭在一个建议以用的接口后面。
>>>digits_only = translator(keep = string.digits)
>>>digits_only('Chris Perkins :224 -7992')
'2247992'
移除属于某字符集合的元素也非常简单：
>>>no_digits = translator(delete = string.digits)
>>>no_digits('Chris Perkins:224-7992')
'Chris Perkings : - '
也可以替换：
>>>digits_to_hash = translator(from = string.digits, to = '#')
>>>digits_to_hash('Chris Perkins :224-7992')
'Chris Perkins: ###-####'
当delete和keep有重叠部分的时候，delete参数优先
>>>trans = translator(delete = 'abcd', kepp ='cdef')
>>>trans('abcdefg')
'ef'
其实可以更详细的添加一些异常来处理同时出现delete,keep的情况。
希望本文所述对大家的Python程序设计有所帮助。
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