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python的类变量和成员变量用法实例教程

Jun 16, 2016 am 08:42 AM
python Member variables usage

本文实例形式讲解了python的类变量和成员变量用法,对于Python程序设计有一定的参考价值。分享给大家供大家参考。具体如下:

先看看下面这段代码:

class TestClass(object):
  val1 = 100
  
  def __init__(self):
    self.val2 = 200
  
  def fcn(self,val = 400):
    val3 = 300
    self.val4 = val
    self.val5 = 500 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
  inst = TestClass()
   
  print TestClass.val1
  print inst.val1
  print inst.val2
  print inst.val3
  print inst.val4  
  print inst.val5

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这里,val1是类变量,可以由类名直接调用,也可以有对象来调用;
val2是成员变量,可以由类的对象来调用,这里可以看出成员变量一定是以self.的形式给出的,因为self的含义就是代表实例对象;
val3不是成员变量,它只是函数fcn内部的局部变量;
val4和val5也都不是成员变量,虽是以self.给出,但并没有在构造函数中初始化。

再看看下面的代码(#号后面的是运行结果):

inst1 = TestClass()
inst2 = TestClass()

print TestClass.val1 # 100
print inst1.val1   # 100

inst1.val1 = 1000  
print inst1.val1   # 1000
print TestClass.val1 # 100

TestClass.val1 =2000 
print inst1.val1   # 1000
print TestClass.val1 # 2000

print inst2.val1   # 2000   

inst3 = TestClass() 
print inst3.val1   # 2000

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可以发现:python的类变量和C++的静态变量不同,并不是由类的所有对象共享。类本身拥有自己的类变量(保存在内存),当一个TestClass类的对象被构造时,会将当前类变量拷贝一份给这个对象,当前类变量的值是多少,这个对象拷贝得到的类变量的值就是多少;而且,通过对象来修改类变量,并不会影响其他对象的类变量的值,因为大家都有各自的副本,更不会影响类本身所拥有的那个类变量的值;只有类自己才能改变类本身拥有的类变量的值

希望本文所述实例对于大家理解和掌握Python的类变量和成员变量用法有所帮助。

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