Python下singleton模式的实现方法

很多开发人员在刚开始学Python 时，都考虑过像 c++ 那样来实现 singleton 模式，但后来会发现 c++ 是 c++，Python 是 Python，不能简单的进行模仿。

Python 中常见的方法是借助 global 变量，或者 class 变量来实现单件。本文就介绍以decorator来实现 singleton 模式的方法。示例代码如下：

##----------------------- code begin -----------------------

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
def singleton(cls):
"""Define a class with a singleton instance."""
instances = {}
def getinstance(*args, **kwds):
return instances.setdefault(cls, cls(*args, **kwds))
return getinstance
 
##1 未来版Python支持Class Decorator时可以这样用
class Foo(object):
def __init__(self, attr=1):
self.attr = attr

Foo = singleton( Foo ) ##2 2.5及之前版不支持Class Decorator时可以这样用

if __name__ == "__main__":
ins1 = Foo(2) # 等效于: ins1 = singleton(Foo)(2)
print "Foo(2) -> id(ins)=%d, ins.attr=%d, %s" % (id(ins1), ins1.attr, ('error', 'ok')[ins1.attr == 2])
ins2 = Foo(3)
print "Foo(3) -> id(ins)=%d, ins.attr=%d, %s" % (id(ins2), ins2.attr, ('error', 'ok')[ins2.attr == 2])
ins2.attr = 5
print "ins.attr=5 -> ins.attr=%d, %s" % (ins2.attr, ('error', 'ok')[ins2.attr == 5])
 
##------------------------ code end ------------------------

输出：

Foo(2) -> id(ins)=19295376, ins.attr=2, ok
Foo(3) -> id(ins)=19295376, ins.attr=2, ok
ins.attr=5 -> ins.attr=5, ok

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