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Python操作SQLite简明教程

Jun 16, 2016 am 08:43 AM
python

一、SQLite简介

SQLite是一个包含在C库中的轻量级数据库。它并不需要独立的维护进程,并且允许使用非标准变体(nonstandard variant)的SQL查询语句来访问数据库。一些应用可是使用SQLite保存内部数据。它也可以在构建应用原型的时候使用,以便于以后转移到更大型的数据库,比如PostgreSQL或者Oracle。

sqlite3模块由Gerhard Häring编写,提供了一个SQL接口,这个接口的设计遵循了由PEP 249描述的DB-API 2.0说明书。

二、创建并打开数据库

为了使用这个模块,必须先创建一个连接(Connection)对象来代表数据库。在以下的例子中,数据将会被保存在 example.db 文件中:

复制代码 代码如下:
import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

如果指定的数据库存在,就会直接打开这个数据库,否则将新建一再打开。
也可以提供专用名 :memory: 来在内存中建立数据库。

三、数据库连接对象

一旦拥有了连接(Connection)对象,就可以创建游标(Cursor)对象并调用他的execute()方法来执行SQL语句:

复制代码 代码如下:
c = conn.cursor()
 
 # Create table
 c.execute('''CREATE TABLE stocks             
     (date text, trans text, symbol text, qty real, price real)''')
 
 # Insert a row of data
 c.execute("INSERT INTO stocks VALUES ('2006-01-05','BUY','RHAT',100,35.14)")
 
 # Save (commit) the changes
 conn.commit()
 
 # We can also close the connection if we are done with it.
 # Just be sure any changes have been committed or they will be lost.
 conn.close()
 
保存后的数据是持久的,并且可以在以后的访问中可用。

四、增删改查

1.建(create)表

复制代码 代码如下:
c.execute("create table catalog (id integer primary key,pid integer,name varchar(10) UNIQUE,nickname text NULL)")

上面语句创建了一个叫catalog的表,它有一个主键id,一个pid,和一个name,name是不可以重复的,以及一个nickname默认为NULL。

2.删除表(DROP),清空表(TRUNCATE)

复制代码 代码如下:
c.execute("drop table catalog")

上面语句将catalog表删除。

另外SQLite中没有清空表的操作,使用如下方式替代:

复制代码 代码如下:
c.execute("delete from catalog")

3.插入(insert)数据,更改(uptate)数据

通常SQL语句中会用到python变量作为值(value)。不建议直接使用python的字符串运算来构造查询语句,因为这样是不安全的,会使你的程序容易受到SQL注入攻击。

可以使用DB-API提供的参数代换。在想使用值(value)的地方放置一个'?'作为占位符,然后提供一个由值(value)组成的元组作为游标(cursor)中execute()方法的第二个参数。(其他的数据库模块可能使用别的占位符,比如 '%s' 或者 ':1')

复制代码 代码如下:

# Larger example that inserts many records at a time
purchases = [('2006-03-28', 'BUY', 'IBM', 1000, 45.00),
('2006-04-05', 'BUY', 'MSFT', 1000, 72.00),
('2006-04-06', 'SELL', 'IBM', 500, 53.00),
]
c.executemany('INSERT INTO stocks VALUES (?,?,?,?,?)', purchases)

c.execute("UPDATE catalog SET trans='SELL' WHERE symbol = 'IBM'")

4.查询(select)数据

正如前面所说,提倡使用元组进行操作。

复制代码 代码如下:
# Never do this -- insecure!
symbol = 'RHAT'
c.execute("SELECT * FROM stocks WHERE symbol = '%s'" % symbol)

# Do this instead
t = ('RHAT',)
c.execute('SELECT * FROM stocks WHERE symbol=?', t)
print c.fetchone()

5.删除(delete)数据

复制代码 代码如下:

t=('RHAT')
c.execute("DELETE * FROM stocks WHERE symbol=?", t)
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