python抓取网页时字符集转换问题处理方案分享
问题提出：
有时候我们采集网页，处理完毕后将字符串保存到文件或者写入数据库，这时候需要制定字符串的编码，如果采集网页的编码是gb2312，而我们的数据库是utf-8的，这样不做任何处理直接插入数据库可能会乱码(没测试过，不知道数据库会不会自动转码)，我们需要手动将gb2312转换成utf-8。
首先我们知道，python里的字符默认是ascii码，英文当然没问题啦，碰到中文的时候立马给跪。
不知道你还记不记得，python里打印中文汉字的时候需要在字符串前面加 u：
print u"来搞基吗？"
这样子中文才能显示，这里面的u的作用就是将后面的字符串转换为unicode码，这样中文才能得到正确的显示。
这里与之相关的有一个unicode()函数，用法如下
str="来搞基" str=unicode(str,"utf-8") print str
与u的区别是，这里用unicode将str转换为unicode编码，需要正确指定第二个参数，这里的utf-8是我test.py脚本自身的文件字符集，默认的可能是ansi。
unicode这是一个关键，下面继续
我们开始抓取百度首页，注意，游客访问百度首页，查看网页源代码，它的charset=gb2312。
import urllib2
def main():
f=urllib2.urlopen("http://www.baidu.com")
str=f.read()
str=unicode(str,"gb2312")
fp=open("baidu.html","w")
fp.write(str.encode("utf-8"))
fp.close()
if __name__ == '__main__' :
main()解释：
我们首先用urllib2.urlopen()方法将百度首页抓取到，f是句柄 ，用str=f.read()将所有源代码读入str中
搞清楚,str里面就是我们抓取的html源代码，由于网页默认的字符集是gb2312，所以如果我们直接保存到文件中，文件编码将是ansi。
对于大部分人来说，其实这就足够了，但是有时候我就想把gb2312转换成utf-8的该怎么办呢？
首先：
str=unicode(str,"gb2312") #这里的gb2312就是str的实际字符集，我们现在将其转换成unicode
然后：
str=str.encode("utf-8") #将unicode的字符串重新编码成utf-8
最后：
将str写入到文件中，打开文件看一下编码属性，发现是utf-8的了，把utf-8
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