Python3.x和Python2.x的区别介绍
1.性能
Py3.0运行 pystone benchmark的速度比Py2.5慢30%。Guido认为Py3.0有极大的优化空间,在字符串和整形操作上可
以取得很好的优化结果。
Py3.1性能比Py2.5慢15%,还有很大的提升空间。
2.编码
Py3.X源码文件默认使用utf-8编码,这就使得以下代码是合法的:
>>> 中国 = 'china'
>>>print(中国)
china
3. 语法
1)去除了,全部改用!=
2)去除``,全部改用repr()
3)关键词加入as 和with,还有True,False,None
4)整型除法返回浮点数,要得到整型结果,请使用//
5)加入nonlocal语句。使用noclocal x可以直接指派外围(非全局)变量
6)去除print语句,加入print()函数实现相同的功能。同样的还有 exec语句,已经改为exec()函数
例如:
2.X: print "The answer is", 2*2
3.X: print("The answer is", 2*2)
2.X: print x, # 使用逗号结尾禁止换行
3.X: print(x, end=" ") # 使用空格代替换行
2.X: print # 输出新行
3.X: print() # 输出新行
2.X: print >>sys.stderr, "fatal error"
3.X: print("fatal error", file=sys.stderr)
2.X: print (x, y) # 输出repr((x, y))
3.X: print((x, y)) # 不同于print(x, y)!
7)改变了顺序操作符的行为,例如x
2.X:guess = int(raw_input('Enter an integer : ')) # 读取键盘输入的方法
3.X:guess = int(input('Enter an integer : '))
9)去除元组参数解包。不能def(a, (b, c)):pass这样定义函数了
10)新式的8进制字变量,相应地修改了oct()函数。
2.X的方式如下:
>>> 0666
438
>>> oct(438)
'0666'
3.X这样:
>>> 0666
SyntaxError: invalid token (
>>> 0o666
438
>>> oct(438)
'0o666'
11)增加了 2进制字面量和bin()函数
>>> bin(438)
'0b110110110'
>>> _438 = '0b110110110'
>>> _438
'0b110110110'
12)扩展的可迭代解包。在Py3.X 里,a, b, *rest = seq和 *rest, a = seq都是合法的,只要求两点:rest是list
对象和seq是可迭代的。
13)新的super(),可以不再给super()传参数,
>>> class C(object):
def __init__(self, a):
print('C', a)
>>> class D(C):
def __init(self, a):
super().__init__(a) # 无参数调用super()
>>> D(8)
C 8
<__main__.d object at>
14)新的metaclass语法:
class Foo(*bases, **kwds):
pass
15)支持class decorator。用法与函数decorator一样:
>>> def foo(cls_a):
def print_func(self):
print('Hello, world!')
cls_a.print = print_func
return cls_a
>>> @foo
class C(object):
pass
>>> C().print()
Hello, world!
class decorator可以用来玩玩狸猫换太子的大把戏。更多请参阅PEP 3129
4. 字符串和字节串
1)现在字符串只有str一种类型,但它跟2.x版本的unicode几乎一样。
2)关于字节串,请参阅“数据类型”的第2条目
5.数据类型
1)Py3.X去除了long类型,现在只有一种整型——int,但它的行为就像2.X版本的long
2)新增了bytes类型,对应于2.X版本的八位串,定义一个bytes字面量的方法如下:
>>> b = b'china'
>>> type(b)
str对象和bytes对象可以使用.encode() (str -> bytes) or .decode() (bytes -> str)方法相互转化。
>>> s = b.decode()
>>> s
'china'
>>> b1 = s.encode()
>>> b1
b'china'
3)dict的.keys()、.items 和.values()方法返回迭代器,而之前的iterkeys()等函数都被废弃。同时去掉的还有
dict.has_key(),用 in替代它吧
6.面向对象
1)引入抽象基类(Abstraact Base Classes,ABCs)。
2)容器类和迭代器类被ABCs化,所以cellections模块里的类型比Py2.5多了很多。
>>> import collections
>>> print('\n'.join(dir(collections)))
Callable
Container
Hashable
ItemsView
Iterable
Iterator
KeysView
Mapping
MappingView
MutableMapping
MutableSequence
MutableSet
NamedTuple
Sequence
Set
Sized
ValuesView
__all__
__builtins__
__doc__
__file__
__name__
_abcoll
_itemgetter
_sys
defaultdict
deque
另外,数值类型也被ABCs化。关于这两点,请参阅 PEP 3119和PEP 3141。
3)迭代器的next()方法改名为__next__(),并增加内置函数next(),用以调用迭代器的__next__()方法
4)增加了@abstractmethod和 @abstractproperty两个 decorator,编写抽象方法(属性)更加方便。
7.异常
1)所以异常都从 BaseException继承,并删除了StardardError
2)去除了异常类的序列行为和.message属性
3)用 raise Exception(args)代替 raise Exception, args语法
4)捕获异常的语法改变,引入了as关键字来标识异常实例,在Py2.5中:
>>> try:
... raise NotImplementedError('Error')
... except NotImplementedError, error:
... print error.message
...
Error
在Py3.0中:
>>> try:
raise NotImplementedError('Error')
except NotImplementedError as error: #注意这个 as
print(str(error))
Error
5)异常链,因为__context__在3.0a1版本中没有实现
8.模块变动
1)移除了cPickle模块,可以使用pickle模块代替。最终我们将会有一个透明高效的模块。
2)移除了imageop模块
3)移除了 audiodev, Bastion, bsddb185, exceptions, linuxaudiodev, md5, MimeWriter, mimify, popen2,
rexec, sets, sha, stringold, strop, sunaudiodev, timing和xmllib模块
4)移除了bsddb模块(单独发布,可以从http://www.jcea.es/programacion/pybsddb.htm获取)
5)移除了new模块
6)os.tmpnam()和os.tmpfile()函数被移动到tmpfile模块下
7)tokenize模块现在使用bytes工作。主要的入口点不再是generate_tokens,而是 tokenize.tokenize()
9.其它
1)xrange() 改名为range(),要想使用range()获得一个list,必须显式调用:
>>> list(range(10))
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
2)bytes对象不能hash,也不支持 b.lower()、b.strip()和b.split()方法,但对于后两者可以使用 b.strip(b'
\n\t\r \f')和b.split(b' ‘)来达到相同目的
3)zip()、map()和filter()都返回迭代器。而apply()、 callable()、coerce()、 execfile()、reduce()和reload
()函数都被去除了
现在可以使用hasattr()来替换 callable(). hasattr()的语法如:hasattr(string, '__name__')
4)string.letters和相关的.lowercase和.uppercase被去除,请改用string.ascii_letters 等
5)如果x 6)__getslice__系列成员被废弃。a[i:j]根据上下文转换为a.__getitem__(slice(I, j))或 __setitem__和
__delitem__调用
7)file类被废弃,在Py2.5中:
>>> file
在Py3.X中:
>>> file
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "
file
NameError: name 'file' is not defined

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