PHP 7 的几个新特性
1. ?? 运算符(NULL 合并运算符)
把这个放在第一个说是因为我觉得它很有用。用法:
$a = $_GET['a'] ?? 1;
它相当于:
<?phpif (empty($_GET['a'])) $a = 1;
我们知道三元运算符是可以这样用的:
$a ?: 1
但是这是建立在 $a 已经定义了的前提上。新增的 ?? 运算符可以简化判断。
2. 函数返回值类型声明
官方文档提供的例子(注意 ... 的边长参数语法在 PHP 5.6 以上的版本中才有):
<?phpfunction arraysSum(array ...$arrays): array{ return array_map(function(array $array): int { return array_sum($array); }, $arrays);}print_r(arraysSum([1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]));
从这个例子中可以看出现在函数(包括匿名函数)都可以指定返回值的类型。
这种声明的写法有些类似于 swift:
func sayHello(personName: String) -> String { let greeting = "Hello, " + personName + "!" return greeting}
这个特性可以帮助我们避免一些 PHP 的隐式类型转换带来的问题。在定义一个函数之前就想好预期的结果可以避免一些不必要的错误。
不过这里也有一个特点需要注意。PHP 7 增加了一个 declare 指令:strict_types,既使用严格模式。
使用返回值类型声明时,如果没有声明为严格模式,如果返回值不是预期的类型,PHP 还是会对其进行强制类型转换。但是如果是严格模式, 则会出发一个 TypeError 的 Fatal error。
强制模式:
<?phpfunction foo($a) : int{ return $a;}foo(1.0);
以上代码可以正常执行,foo 函数返回 int 1,没有任何错误。
严格模式:
<?phpdeclare(strict_types=1);function foo($a) : int{ return $a;}foo(1.0);# PHP Fatal error: Uncaught TypeError: Return value of foo() must be of the type integer, float returned in test.php:6
在声明之后,就会触发致命错误。
是不是有点类似与 js 的 strict mode?
3. 标量类型声明
PHP 7 中的函数的形参类型声明可以是标量了。在 PHP 5 中只能是类名、接口、array 或者 callable (PHP 5.4,即可以是函数,包括匿名函数),现在也可以使用 string、int、float和 bool 了。
官方示例:
<?php// Coercive modefunction sumOfInts(int ...$ints){ return array_sum($ints);}var_dump(sumOfInts(2, '3', 4.1));
需要注意的是上文提到的严格模式的问题在这里同样适用:强制模式(默认,既强制类型转换)下还是会对不符合预期的参数进行强制类型转换,严格模式下则触发 TypeError 的致命错误。
4. use 批量声明
PHP 7 中 use 可以在一句话中声明多个类或函数或 const 了:
<?phpuse some\namespace\{ClassA, ClassB, ClassC as C};use function some\namespace\{fn_a, fn_b, fn_c};use const some\namespace\{ConstA, ConstB, ConstC};
但还是要写出每个类或函数或 const 的名称(并没有像 python 一样的 from some import * 的方法)。
需要留意的问题是:如果你使用的是基于 composer 和 PSR-4 的框架,这种写法是否能成功的加载类文件?
5. 其他的特性
其他的一些特性我就不一一介绍了,有兴趣可以查看官方文档:
http://php.net/manual/en/migration70.new-features.php
简要说几个:
PHP 5.3 开始有了匿名函数,现在又有了匿名类了;
define 现在可以定义常量数组;
闭包( Closure)增加了一个 call 方法;
生成器(或者叫迭代器更合适)可以有一个最终返回值(return),也可以通过 yield from 的新语法进入一个另外一个生成器中(生成器委托)。
生成器的两个新特性(return 和 yield from)可以组合。具体的表象大家可以自行测试。PHP 7 现在已经到 RC5 了,最终的版本应该会很快到来。
最后打个小广告:
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