php引用计数与变量引用
每个php5.5变量都存储在一个叫做zval的变量容器中。
一个zval变量容器,除了包含变量的类型与值外,还包含两个字节的额外信息:
1、第一个是“is_ref”,是个bool型,用来标识这个变量是否属于引用集合(reference set),若属于则其值为1,否则为0。
有个这个变量php引擎就能够将普通变量与引用变量区分开来。
2、第二个是“refcount”,用来表示指向这个zval变量(符号)的个数。每个符号都有作用域(scope),那些主脚本和函数或者方法也都有作用域。
所有的符号都存在一个符号表中。
当一个变量被赋值一个常量值时,就会生成一个zval变量容器,如下例:
$a = "Hello world";
?>
这个时候执行以下程序得到$a变量指向zval容器中的is_ref与refcount值
$a = "Hello world";
print_r(xdebug_debug_zval('a'));
?>
a: (refcount=1, is_ref=0)='Hello world'
下面,我们进行如下实验,来探讨引用赋值与普通赋值。
首先,使$b指向$a,查看is_ref、 refcount,如下:
$a = "Hello world";
$b = $a;
print_r(xdebug_debug_zval('a'));
print_r(xdebug_debug_zval('b'));
?>
a: (refcount=2, is_ref=0)='Hello world'
b: (refcount=2, is_ref=0)='Hello world'
让$b引用$a,查看is_ref refcount,如下
$a = "Hello world";
$b = &$a;
print_r(xdebug_debug_zval('a'));
print_r(xdebug_debug_zval('b'));
?>
a: (refcount=2, is_ref=1)='Hello world'
b: (refcount=2, is_ref=1)='Hello world'
从上我们可以分析出,当有变量引用相应zval容器时,is_ref为1。
我们进一步分析,我们把$b 引用$a,$c指向$a,如下
<?php $a = "Hello world"; $b = &$a; $c = $a; print_r(xdebug_debug_zval('a')); print_r(xdebug_debug_zval('b')); print_r(xdebug_debug_zval('c')); ?>
打印结果如下
a: (refcount=2, is_ref=1)='Hello world'
b: (refcount=2, is_ref=1)='Hello world'
c: (refcount=1, is_ref=0)='Hello world'
可见,这个时候php5.5引擎为$c重新建立了一个zval容器,容器中的数据类型、值与$a指向的容器中的完全相同,不同的是其refcount与is_ref的值。
因此,我们可以看出,php5.5的zval容器中的is_ref变量要么标识引用集合,要么标识普通集合,当两者都有时,他将克隆zval容器,来解决冲突问题。
总结:
1、在php5.5以后,“变量赋值”都是指向赋值,即将某个变量指向特定的zval容器。
2、“变量引用”则是将变量与变量进行绑定,若绑定的变量中有一个变量改变了指向,则相互绑定的其他变量的指向也随着改变。
若变量重新引用变量,则其原来的变量绑定解除,转而绑定新的变量。如下代码:
<?php function foo(&$var) { $var =& $GLOBALS["baz"]; } foo($bar); ?>
这将使 foo 函数中的 $var 变量在函数调用时和 $bar 绑定在一起,但接着又被重新绑定到了 $GLOBALS["baz"] 上面。不可能通过引用机制将 $bar 在函数调用范围内绑定到别的变量上面,因为在函数 foo 中并没有变量$bar(它被表示为 $var,但是 $var 只有变量内容而没有调用符号表中的名字到值的绑定)。可以使用引用返回来引用被函数选择的变量。

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