PHP数组的Hash冲突实例
PHP数组的Hash冲突实例,你知道不知道, 插入65536个经过构造的键值的元素到PHP数组, 会需要耗时30秒以上? 而一般的这个过程仅仅需要0.1秒..
请看如下的例子:
$size = pow(2, 16);
$startTime = microtime(true);
$array = array();
for ($key = 0, $maxKey = ($size - 1) * $size; $key
}$endTime = microtime(true);
echo '插入 ', $size, ' 个恶意的元素需要 ', $endTime - $startTime, ' 秒', "\n"; $startTime = microtime(true);
$array = array();
for ($key = 0, $maxKey = $size - 1;
$key
echo '插入 ', $size, ' 个普通元素需要 ', $endTime - $startTime, ' 秒', "\n";
上面的例子, 在我的机器上的执行结果如下:
插入 65536 个恶意的元素需要 43.1438360214 秒插入 65536 个普通元素需要 0.0210378170013 秒
这个差别是不是很夸张?!
我在上一篇文章中介绍过, 经过特殊构造的键值, 使得PHP每一次插入都会造成Hash冲突, 从而使得PHP中array的底层Hash表退化成链表:
Hash collision
这样在每次插入的时候PHP都需要遍历一遍这个链表, 大家可以想象, 第一次插入, 需要遍历0个元素, 第二次是1个, 第三次是3个, 第65536个是65535个, 那么总共就需要65534*65535/2=2147385345次遍历….
那么, 这个键值是怎么构造的呢?
在PHP中,如果键值是数字, 那么Hash的时候就是数字本身, 一般的时候都是, index & tableMask. 而tableMask是用来保证数字索引不会超出数组可容纳的元素个数值, 也就是数组个数-1.
PHP的Hashtable的大小都是2的指数, 比如如果你存入10个元素的数组, 那么数组实际大小是16, 如果存入20个, 则实际大小为32, 而63个话, 实际大小为64. 当你的存入的元素个数大于了数组目前的最多元素个数的时候, PHP会对这个数组进行扩容, 并且从新Hash.
现在, 我们假设要存入64个元素(中间可能会经过扩容, 但是我们只需要知道, 最后的数组大小是64, 并且对应的tableMask为63:0111111), 那么如果第一次我们存入的元素的键值为0, 则hash后的值为0, 第二次我们存入64, hash(1000000 & 0111111)的值也为0, 第三次我们用128, 第四次用192… 就可以使得底层的PHP数组把所有的元素都Hash到0号bucket上, 从而使得Hash表退化成链表了.
当然, 如果键值是字符串的话, 就稍微比较麻烦一些了, 但是PHP的Hash算法是开源的, 已知的, 所以有心人也可以做到…
本文地址: http://www.laruence.com/2011/12/30/2435.html

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