SQL语言快速入门(二)
sql语言|快速入门
创建表格
SQL语言中的create table语句被用来建立新的数据库表格。Create table语句的使用格式如下:
create table tablename
(column1 data type,
column2 data type,
column3 data type);
如果用户希望在建立新表格时规定列的限制条件,可以使用可选的条件选项:
create table tablename
(column1 data type [constraint],
column2 data type [constraint],
column3 data type [constraint]);
举例如下:
create table employee
(firstname varchar(15),
lastname varchar(20),
age number(3),
address varchar(30),
city varchar(20));
简单来说,创建新表格时,在关键词create table后面加入所要建立的表格的名称,然后在括号内顺次设定各列的名称,数据类型,以及可选的限制条件等。注意,所有的SQL语句在结尾处都要使用“;”符号。
使用SQL语句创建的数据库表格和表格中列的名称必须以字母开头,后面可以使用字母,数字或下划线,名称的长度不能超过30个字符。注意,用户在选择表格名称时不要使用SQL语言中的保留关键词,如select, create, insert等,作为表格或列的名称。
数据类型用来设定某一个具体列中数据的类型。例如,在姓名列中只能采用varchar或char的数据类型,而不能使用number的数据类型。
SQL语言中较为常用的数据类型为:
char(size):固定长度字符串,其中括号中的size用来设定字符串的最大长度。Char类型的最大长度为255字节。
varchar(size):可变长度字符串,最大长度由size设定。
number(size):数字类型,其中数字的最大位数由size设定。
Date:日期类型。
number(size,d):数字类型,size决定该数字总的最大位数,而d则用于设定该数字在小数点后的位数。
最后,在创建新表格时需要注意的一点就是表格中列的限制条件。所谓限制条件就是当向特定列输入数据时所必须遵守的规则。例如,unique这一限制条件要求某一列中不能存在两个值相同的记录,所有记录的值都必须是唯一的。除unique之外,较为常用的列的限制条件还包括not null和primary key等。Not null用来规定表格中某一列的值不能为空。Primary key则为表格中的所有记录规定了唯一的标识符。
向表格中插入数据
SQL语言使用insert语句向数据库表格中插入或添加新的数据行。Insert语句的使用格式如下:
insert into tablename
(first_column,...last_column)
values (first_value,...last_value);
例如:
insert into employee
(firstname, lastname, age, address, city)
values (‘Li’, ‘Ming’, 45, ‘No.77 Changan Road’, ‘Beijing”);
简单来说,当向数据库表格中添加新记录时,在关键词insert into后面输入所要添加的表格名称,然后在括号中列出将要添加新值的列的名称。最后,在关键词values的后面按照前面输入的列的顺序对应的输入所有要添加的记录值。
更新记录
SQL语言使用update语句更新或修改满足规定条件的现有记录。Update语句的格式为:
update tablename
set columnname = newvalue [, nextcolumn = newvalue2...]
where columnname OPERATOR value [and|or column OPERATOR value];
例如:
update employee
set age = age+1
where first_name= ‘Mary’and last_name= ‘Williams’;
使用update语句时,关键一点就是要设定好用于进行判断的where条件从句。
删除记录
SQL语言使用delete语句删除数据库表格中的行或记录。Delete语句的格式为:
delete from tablename
where columnname OPERATOR value [and|or column OPERATOR value];
例如:
delete from employee
where lastname = May;
简单来说,当需要删除某一行或某个记录时,在delete from关键词之后输入表格名称,然后在where从句中设定删除记录的判断条件。注意,如果用户在使用delete语句时不设定where从句,则表格中的所有记录将全部被删除。
删除数据库表格
在SQL语言中使用drop table命令删除某个表格以及该表格中的所有记录。Drop table命令的使用格式为:
drop table tablename;
例如:
drop table employee;
如果用户希望将某个数据库表格完全删除,只需要在drop table命令后输入希望删除的表格名称即可。Drop table命令的作用与删除表格中的所有记录不同。删除表格中的全部记录之后,该表格仍然存在,而且表格中列的信息不会改变。而使用drop table命令则会将整个数据库表格的所有信息全部删除。
以上,我们对SQL语言主要的命令和语句进行了较为详细的介绍。应该说SQL语句的语法结构和风格还是相当简单和直观的,只要用户结合实践多加练习,一定会在短期内迅速掌握。

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