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如何用PHP把RDF内容插入Web站点之中(二)

Jun 21, 2016 am 09:13 AM
gt lt quot

web|插入|站点

既然从技术上讲,RSS是结构良好的XML文档,所以可以用标准的XML编程技术来处理它。主要有两种技术:SAX(the Simple API for XML)和DOM(the Document Object Model)。

SAX分析器工作时遍历整个XML文档,在遇到不用类型的标记时调用特定的函数。比如,调用特定函数处理一个开始标记,调用另一个函数处理一个结束标记,再调用一个函数处理两者之间的数据。分析器的职责仅仅是顺序遍历这个文档。而它所调用的函数负责处理发现的标记。一旦一个标记被处理完毕,分析器继续分析文档中的下一个元素,这一过程不断重复。

另一方面,DOM分析器工作是把整个XML文档读进内存当中,并将之转换成一种分层的树型结构。而且为访问不同的树结点(以及结点所附的内容)提供了API。递归处理方式加上API函数使得开发者能够区分不同类型的结点(元素,属性,字符数据,注释等),同时根据文档树的结点类型和结点深度,使得执行不同的动作成为可能。

SAX和DOM分析器几乎支持每一种语言,包括你我的最爱——PHP。我将在这篇文章中利用PHP的SAX分析器处理RDF的例子。 当然,使用DOM分析器也同样很容易。

让我们看这个简单的例子,把它记在脑海里。下面是一个我将要使用的RDF文件,这个文件直接选自http://www.freshmeat.net/ :


xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/"
xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
>

freshmeat.net
http://freshmeat.net/
freshmeat.net maintains the Web's largest index of Unix
and cross-platform open source software. Thousands of applications are
meticulously cataloged in the freshmeat.net database, and links to new
code are added daily.

en-us
Technology
freshmeat.net
freshmeat.net contributors
Copyright (c) 1997-2002 OSDN
2002-02-11T10:20+00:00














  • freshmeat.net
    http://freshmeat.net/img/fmII-button.gif
    http://freshmeat.net/



    sloop.splitter 0.2.1
    http://freshmeat.net/releases/69583/
    A real time sound effects program.
    2002-02-11T04:52-06:00



    apacompile 1.9.9
    http://freshmeat.net/releases/69581/
    A full-featured Apache compilation HOWTO.
    2002-02-11T04:52-06:00







    下面是分析这一文档并显示其中数据的PHP脚本:

    // XML file
    $file = "fm-releases.rdf";

    // set up some variables for use by the parser
    $currentTag = "";
    $flag = "";

    // create parser
    $xp = xml_parser_create();

    // set element handler
    xml_set_element_handler($xp, "elementBegin", "elementEnd");
    xml_set_character_data_handler($xp, "characterData");
    xml_parser_set_option($xp, XML_OPTION_CASE_FOLDING, TRUE);

    // read XML file
    if (!($fp = fopen($file, "r")))
    {
    die("Could not read $file");
    }

    // parse data
    while ($xml = fread($fp, 4096))
    {
    if (!xml_parse($xp, $xml, feof($fp)))
    {
    die("XML parser error: " .
    xml_error_string(xml_get_error_code($xp)));
    }
    }

    // destroy parser
    xml_parser_free($xp);

    // opening tag handler
    function elementBegin($parser, $name, $attributes)
    {
    global $currentTag, $flag;
    // export the name of the current tag to the global scope
    $currentTag = $name;
    // if within an item block, set a flag
    if ($name == "ITEM")
    {
    $flag = 1;
    }
    }

    // closing tag handler
    function elementEnd($parser, $name)
    {
    global $currentTag, $flag;
    $currentTag = "";
    // if exiting an item block, print a line and reset the flag
    if ($name == "ITEM")
    {
    echo "


    ";
    $flag = 0;
    }
    }

    // character data handler
    function characterData($parser, $data)
    {
    global $currentTag, $flag;
    // if within an item block, print item data
    if (($currentTag == "TITLE" || $currentTag == "LINK" ||
    $currentTag ==
    "DESCRIPTION") && $flag == 1)
    {
    echo "$currentTag: $data
    ";
    }
    }

    ?>
    看不明白? 别着急,后面将会作出解释。



    捕获旗标

    这段脚本首先要做的是设定一些全局变量:

    // XML file
    $file = "fm-releases.rdf";

    // set up some variables for use by the parser
    $currentTag = "";
    $flag = "";

    $currentTag变量保存是分析器当前处理的元素的名称——你很快就会看到为什么需要它。

    因为我的最终目的是显示频道中的每一个单独的条目(item),并且带有链结。另外还要知道分析器什么时候退出了区块,什么时候又进入了文档的 部分。再说我用的是SAX分析器,它按顺序方式工作,没有任何分析器API可供使用,无法知道文档树中的深度和位置。所以,我不得不自己发明一个机制来做这件事——这就是引入$flag变量的原因。

    $flag变量将用于判断分析器是在区块还是在区块里面。

    下一步要做的是初始化SAX分析器,并开始分析RSS文档。

    // create parser
    $xp = xml_parser_create();

    // set element handler
    xml_set_element_handler($xp, "elementBegin", "elementEnd");
    xml_set_character_data_handler($xp, "characterData");
    xml_parser_set_option($xp, XML_OPTION_CASE_FOLDING, TRUE);

    // read XML file
    if (!($fp = fopen($file, "r")))
    {
    die("Could not read $file");
    }

    // parse data
    while ($xml = fread($fp, 4096))
    {
    if (!xml_parse($xp, $xml, feof($fp)))
    {
    die("XML parser error: " .
    xml_error_string(xml_get_error_code($xp)));
    }
    }

    // destroy parser
    xml_parser_free($xp);


    这段代码简单明了,其中的注释已经解释的足够清楚了。xml_parser_create()函数建立一个分析器实例,并将之赋给句柄$xp。接着再创建回调函数处理开标记和闭标记,以及二者之间的字符数据。最后,xml_parse()函数联合多次fread()调用,读取RDF文件并分析它。

    在文档中,每次遇到开标记,开标记处理器elementBegin()就会被调用。

    // opening tag handler
    function elementBegin($parser, $name, $attributes)
    {
    global $currentTag, $flag;
    // export the name of the current tag to the global scope
    $currentTag = $name;
    // if within an item block, set a flag
    if ($name == "ITEM")
    {
    $flag = 1;
    }
    }



    这个函数以当前标记的名称和属性作为起参数。标记名称被赋值给全局变量$currentTag。如果,这个开标记是,那么把$flag变量置1。

    同样,如果遇到闭标记,那么闭标记处理器elementEnd()将被调用。

    // closing tag handler
    function elementEnd($parser, $name)
    {
    global $currentTag, $flag;
    $currentTag = "";
    // if exiting an item block, print a line and reset the flag
    if ($name == "ITEM")
    {
    echo "
    ";
    $flag = 0;
    }
    }
    闭标记处理函数也是以标记名称作为其参数。如果是遇到的是一个为
    的闭标记,变量$flag的值重置为0,并把变量$currentTag的值清空。

    那么,如何处理标记之间的字符数据呢? 这才是我们的兴趣所在。先向字符数据处理器characterData()打个招呼吧。

    // character data handler
    function characterData($parser, $data)
    {
    global $currentTag, $flag;
    // if within an item block, print item data
    if (($currentTag == "TITLE" || $currentTag == "LINK" ||
    $currentTag ==
    "DESCRIPTION") && $flag == 1)
    {
    echo "$currentTag: $data
    ";
    }
    }


    现在你可以看一下传给这个函数的参数,你会发现它只接收了开标记和闭标记之间的数据,而根本不知道分析器当前正在处理哪个标记。而这正事我们一开始就引入全局变量$currentTag的原因。

    如果$flag变量的值为1,也就是说如果分析器当前处于区块之间,那么当前被处理的元素,不管是,<link>还是<description>,数据都被打印到输出设备上(在这里,输出设备是Web浏览器),并在每个元素的输出后面加上换行符<br>。<br><br>整个RDF文档就是以这种顺序方式处理,每发现一个<item>标记就显示一定的输出。你可以看一下下面的运行结果:<br><br> <center> </center> <p style="width:100%;text-align:center;margin:10px 0"> <br> <br> </p> <p style="width:100%;text-align:center;margin:10px 0"> </p> <p class="clear"></p> </item></description>
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