Common methods for operating MySQL using JavaScript in Node.js

1. Establish database connection: createConnection(Object) method
This method accepts an object as a parameter. The object has four commonly used attributes: host, user, password, and database. The same parameters as the database link in php. The attribute list is as follows:

host: The host name where the database is connected. (Default: localhost)
port: connection port. (Default: 3306)
localAddress: IP address used for TCP connection. (Optional)
socketPath: The path to the unix domain. This parameter will be ignored when using host and port.
user: The username of the MySQL user.
password: MySQL user’s password.
database: The name of the database to link to (optional).
charset: The character set of the connection. (Default: 'UTF8_GENERAL_CI'. Use uppercase when setting this value!)
timezone: The time zone where local time is stored. (Default: 'local')
stringifyObjects: Whether to serialize objects. See issue #501. (Default: 'false')
insecureAuth: Whether to allow old authentication methods to connect to the database instance. (Default: false)
typeCast: Determines whether to convert column values to native JavaScript type column values. (Default: true)
queryFormat: Custom query statement formatting function.
supportBigNumbers: When the database handles large numbers (long integers and decimals), it should be enabled (default: false).
bigNumberStrings: Enable supportBigNumbers and bigNumberStrings and force these numbers to be returned as strings (default: false).
dateStrings: Force date types (TIMESTAMP, DATETIME, DATE) to be returned as strings instead of a javascript Date object. (Default: false)
debug: Whether to enable debugging. (Default: false)
multipleStatements: Whether to allow multiple query statements to be passed in one query. (Default: false)
flags: link flags.

You can also use strings to connect to the database, for example:

Copy code The code is as follows:

var connection = mysql.createConnection('mysql://user:pass@host/db?debug=true&charset=BIG5_CHINESE_CI&timezone=-0700');

2. End the database connection end() and destroy()
end() accepts a callback function and will be triggered after the query ends. If there is an error in the query, the link will still be terminated and the error will be passed to the callback function for processing.
destroy() immediately terminates the database connection. Even if the query is not completed, subsequent callback functions will not be triggered.

3. Create a connection pool createPool(Object)

Object and createConnection parameters are the same.
You can listen to the connection event and set the session value

pool.on('connection', function(connection) { 
    connection.query('SET SESSION auto_increment_increment=1') 
  });

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connection.release() releases the connection to the connection pool. If you need to close the connection and delete it, you need to use connection.destroy()
In addition to accepting the same parameters as connection, pool also accepts several extended parameters

createConnection: Function used to create a link. (Default: mysql.createConnection)
WaitForConnections: Determines the behavior of the pool when there is no connection pool or the number of connections reaches the maximum. When it is true, the connection will be put into the queue and called when available. When it is false, an error will be returned immediately. (Default: true)
ConnectionLimit: Maximum number of connections. (Default: 10)
QueueLimit: The maximum length of the connection request in the connection pool. If it exceeds this length, an error will be reported. When the value is 0, there is no limit. (Default: 0)

4. Connection pool cluster
Allow different host links

// create 
  var poolCluster = mysql.createPoolCluster(); 
 
  poolCluster.add(config); // anonymous group 
  poolCluster.add('MASTER', masterConfig); 
  poolCluster.add('SLAVE1', slave1Config); 
  poolCluster.add('SLAVE2', slave2Config); 
 
  // Target Group : ALL(anonymous, MASTER, SLAVE1-2), Selector : round-robin(default) 
  poolCluster.getConnection(function (err, connection) {}); 
 
  // Target Group : MASTER, Selector : round-robin 
  poolCluster.getConnection('MASTER', function (err, connection) {}); 
 
  // Target Group : SLAVE1-2, Selector : order 
  // If can't connect to SLAVE1, return SLAVE2. (remove SLAVE1 in the cluster) 
  poolCluster.on('remove', function (nodeId) { 
   console.log('REMOVED NODE : ' + nodeId); // nodeId = SLAVE1  
  }); 
 
  poolCluster.getConnection('SLAVE*', 'ORDER', function (err, connection) {}); 
 
  // of namespace : of(pattern, selector) 
  poolCluster.of('*').getConnection(function (err, connection) {}); 
 
  var pool = poolCluster.of('SLAVE*', 'RANDOM'); 
  pool.getConnection(function (err, connection) {}); 
  pool.getConnection(function (err, connection) {}); 
 
  // destroy 
  poolCluster.end();

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Optional parameters for linking clusters

canRetry: When the value is true, retry is allowed when the connection fails (Default: true)
removeNodeErrorCount: The errorCount value will be increased when the connection fails. When the errorCount value is greater than removeNodeErrorCount, a node will be removed from the PoolCluster. (Default: 5)

defaultSelector: Default selector. (Default: RR)
RR: Loop. (Round-Robin)
RANDOM: Select nodes through a random function.
ORDER: Unconditionally selects the first available node.

5. Switch users/change connection status

Mysql allows switching users without disconnection

  connection.changeUser({user : 'john'}, function(err) { 
    if (err) throw err; 
  });

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参数

user: 新的用户 (默认为早前的一个).
password: 新用户的新密码 (默认为早前的一个).
charset: 新字符集 (默认为早前的一个).
database: 新数据库名称 (默认为早前的一个).

六、处理服务器连接断开

var db_config = { 
    host: 'localhost', 
    user: 'root', 
    password: '', 
    database: 'example' 
  }; 
 
  var connection; 
 
  function handleDisconnect() { 
   connection = mysql.createConnection(db_config); // Recreate the connection, since 
                           // the old one cannot be reused. 
 
   connection.connect(function(err) {       // The server is either down 
    if(err) {                   // or restarting (takes a while sometimes). 
     console.log('error when connecting to db:', err); 
     setTimeout(handleDisconnect, 2000); // We introduce a delay before attempting to reconnect, 
    }                   // to avoid a hot loop, and to allow our node script to 
   });                   // process asynchronous requests in the meantime. 
                       // If you're also serving http, display a 503 error. 
   connection.on('error', function(err) { 
    console.log('db error', err); 
    if(err.code === 'PROTOCOL_CONNECTION_LOST') { // Connection to the MySQL server is usually 
     handleDisconnect();             // lost due to either server restart, or a 
    } else {                   // connnection idle timeout (the wait_timeout 
     throw err;                 // server variable configures this) 
    } 
   }); 
  } 
 
  handleDisconnect();

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七、转义查询值
为了避免SQL注入攻击，需要转义用户提交的数据。可以使用connection.escape() 或者 pool.escape()
例如：

var userId = 'some user provided value'; 
  var sql  = 'SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ' + connection.escape(userId); 
  connection.query(sql, function(err, results) { 
   // ... 
  }); 
  或者使用？作为占位符 
  connection.query('SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = &#63;', [userId], function(err, results) { 
   // ... 
  }); 
  不同类型值的转换结果 
  Numbers 不变 
  Booleans 转换为字符串 'true' / 'false'  
  Date 对象转换为字符串 'YYYY-mm-dd HH:ii:ss' 
  Buffers 转换为是6进制字符串 
  Strings 不变 
  Arrays => ['a', 'b'] 转换为 'a', 'b' 
  嵌套数组 [['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd']] 转换为 ('a', 'b'), ('c', 'd') 
  Objects 转换为 key = 'val' pairs. 嵌套对象转换为字符串. 
  undefined / null ===> NULL 
  NaN / Infinity 不变. MySQL 不支持这些值, 除非有工具支持，否则插入这些值会引起错误. 
  转换实例： 
  var post = {id: 1, title: 'Hello MySQL'}; 
  var query = connection.query('INSERT INTO posts SET &#63;', post, function(err, result) { 
   // Neat! 
  }); 
  console.log(query.sql); // INSERT INTO posts SET `id` = 1, `title` = 'Hello MySQL'

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或者手动转换

  var query = "SELECT * FROM posts WHERE title=" + mysql.escape("Hello MySQL"); 
 
  console.log(query); // SELECT * FROM posts WHERE title='Hello MySQL'

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八、转换查询标识符
如果不能信任SQL标识符(数据库名、表名、列名)，可以使用转换方法mysql.escapeId(identifier)；

var sorter = 'date'; 
  var query = 'SELECT * FROM posts ORDER BY ' + mysql.escapeId(sorter); 
 
  console.log(query); // SELECT * FROM posts ORDER BY `date` 
  支持转义多个 
  var sorter = 'date'; 
  var query = 'SELECT * FROM posts ORDER BY ' + mysql.escapeId('posts.' + sorter); 
 
  console.log(query); // SELECT * FROM posts ORDER BY `posts`.`date` 
  可以使用&#63;&#63;作为标识符的占位符 
  var userId = 1; 
  var columns = ['username', 'email']; 
  var query = connection.query('SELECT &#63;&#63; FROM &#63;&#63; WHERE id = &#63;', [columns, 'users', userId], function(err, results) { 
   // ... 
  }); 
 
  console.log(query.sql); // SELECT `username`, `email` FROM `users` WHERE id = 1

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九、准备查询
可以使用mysql.format来准备查询语句，该函数会自动的选择合适的方法转义参数。

var sql = "SELECT * FROM &#63;&#63; WHERE &#63;&#63; = &#63;"; 
  var inserts = ['users', 'id', userId]; 
  sql = mysql.format(sql, inserts); 
  10、自定义格式化函数 
  connection.config.queryFormat = function (query, values) { 
   if (!values) return query; 
   return query.replace(/\:(\w+)/g, function (txt, key) { 
    if (values.hasOwnProperty(key)) { 
     return this.escape(values[key]); 
    } 
    return txt; 
   }.bind(this)); 
  }; 
 
  connection.query("UPDATE posts SET title = :title", { title: "Hello MySQL" });

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十、获取插入行的id
当使用自增主键时获取插入行id，如：

connection.query('INSERT INTO posts SET &#63;', {title: 'test'}, function(err, result) { 
   if (err) throw err; 
 
   console.log(result.insertId); 
  });

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十一、流处理
有时你希望选择大量的行并且希望在数据到达时就处理他们，你就可以使用这个方法

var query = connection.query('SELECT * FROM posts'); 
  query 
   .on('error', function(err) { 
    // Handle error, an 'end' event will be emitted after this as well 
   }) 
   .on('fields', function(fields) { 
    // the field packets for the rows to follow 
   }) 
   .on('result', function(row) { 
    // Pausing the connnection is useful if your processing involves I/O 
    connection.pause(); 
 
    processRow(row, function() { 
     connection.resume(); 
    }); 
   }) 
   .on('end', function() { 
    // all rows have been received 
   });

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十二、混合查询语句（多语句查询）
因为混合查询容易被SQL注入攻击，默认是不允许的，可以使用var connection = mysql.createConnection({multipleStatements: true});开启该功能。
混合查询实例：

connection.query('SELECT 1; SELECT 2', function(err, results) { 
   if (err) throw err; 
 
   // `results` is an array with one element for every statement in the query: 
   console.log(results[0]); // [{1: 1}] 
   console.log(results[1]); // [{2: 2}] 
  });

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同样可以使用流处理混合查询结果：

var query = connection.query('SELECT 1; SELECT 2'); 
 
  query 
   .on('fields', function(fields, index) { 
    // the fields for the result rows that follow 
   }) 
   .on('result', function(row, index) { 
    // index refers to the statement this result belongs to (starts at 0) 
   });

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如果其中一个查询语句出错，Error对象会包含err.index指示错误语句的id，整个查询也会终止。
混合查询结果的流处理方式是做实验性的，不稳定。

十三、事务处理
connection级别的简单事务处理

connection.beginTransaction(function(err) { 
   if (err) { throw err; } 
   connection.query('INSERT INTO posts SET title=&#63;', title, function(err, result) { 
    if (err) {  
     connection.rollback(function() { 
      throw err; 
     }); 
    } 
 
    var log = 'Post ' + result.insertId + ' added'; 
 
    connection.query('INSERT INTO log SET data=&#63;', log, function(err, result) { 
     if (err) {  
      connection.rollback(function() { 
       throw err; 
      }); 
     }  
     connection.commit(function(err) { 
      if (err) {  
       connection.rollback(function() { 
        throw err; 
       }); 
      } 
      console.log('success!'); 
     }); 
    }); 
   }); 
  });

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十四、错误处理

err.code = string 
err.fatal => boolean

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PS：使用mysql模块时遇到的坑
之前写了个小程序Node News，用到了MySQL数据库，在本地测试均没神马问题。放上服务器运行一段时间后，偶然发现打开页面的时候页面一直处于等待状态，直到Nginx返回超时错误。于是上服务器检查了遍，发现程序仍然在运行，且能正确记录每次的请求，再修改代码跟踪调试，原来是在查询数据库的时候，回调一直没有被执行，程序就挂在那里了。

想了很久也想不明白为神马mysql模块没有执行回调，最后突然想起来去看了下错误日志，才发现有个“No reconnection after connection lost”错误没有被捕捉到，原来是连接丢失了，上github上看了下文档和issues，上面说到连接丢失后不会自动重新连接，会触发error事件。我赶紧给程序添加了断线后自动重连功能，现在已正常运行了10多天。

MySQL中有一个名叫wait_timeout的变量，表示操作超时时间，当连接超过一定时间没有活动后，会自动关闭该连接，这个值默认为28800（即8小时）。

自动重连数据库的代码：

function handleError (err) {
 if (err) {
  // 如果是连接断开，自动重新连接
  if (err.code === 'PROTOCOL_CONNECTION_LOST') {
   connect();
  } else {
   console.error(err.stack || err);
  }
 }
}

// 连接数据库
function connect () {
 db = mysql.createConnection(config);
 db.connect(handleError);
 db.on('error', handleError);
}

var db;
connect();

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网上流传的大多数使用mysql模块的代码，往往忽略了这个问题，一不小心就让一拨又一拨的人往坑里踩了。
有童鞋回复问使用pool又会怎样，于是去看了下mysql模块的源码：目前可在npm中安装到的最新版本为2.0.0-alpha7，使用mysql.createPool()来创建的pool没办法自动处理连接被关闭的问题，但是在github上的版本已经修复了（应该还没发布到npm上），当触发了connection的error事件时，会把该connection对象从连接池中移除。（源码：https://github.com/felixge/node-mysql/blob/master/lib/Pool.js#L119 ）
使用pool的代码：

var mysql = require('mysql');
var pool = mysql.createPool(config);

pool.getConnection(function(err, connection) {
 // Use the connection
 connection.query( 'SELECT something FROM sometable', function(err, rows) {
  // And done with the connection.
  connection.end();

  // Don't use the connection here, it has been returned to the pool.
 });
});

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Common methods for operating MySQL using JavaScript in Node.js_node.js