[ Laravel 5.2 文档 ] Eloquent ORM -- 访问器&修改器
1、简介
访问器和修改器允许你在获取模型属性或设置其值时格式化Eloquent 属性。例如,你可能想要使用Laravel加密器对存储在数据库中的数据进行加密,并且在 Eloquent 模型中访问时自动进行解密。
除了自定义访问器和修改器,Eloquent 还可以自动转换日期字段为Carbon实例甚至将文本转换为JSON。
2、访问器 & 修改器
定义访问器
要定义一个访问器,需要在模型中创建一个 getFooAttribute方法,其中 Foo是你想要访问的字段名(使用驼峰式命名规则)。在本例中,我们将会为 first_name属性定义一个访问器,该访问器在获取 first_name的值时被 Eloquent 自动调用:
<?phpnamespace App;use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;class User extends Model{ /** * 获取用户的名字 * * @param string $value * @return string */ public function getFirstNameAttribute($value) { return ucfirst($value); }}
正如你所看到的,该字段的原生值被传递给访问器,然后返回处理过的值。要访问该值只需要简单访问 first_name即可:
$user = App\User::find(1);$firstName = $user->first_name;
定义修改器
要定义一个修改器,需要在模型中定义 setFooAttribute方法,其中 Foo是你想要访问的字段(使用驼峰式命名规则)。接下来让我们为 first_name属性定义一个修改器,当我们为模型上的 first_name赋值时该修改器会被自动调用:
<?phpnamespace App;use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;class User extends Model{ /** * 设置用户的名字 * * @param string $value * @return string */ public function setFirstNameAttribute($value) { $this->attributes['first_name'] = strtolower($value); }}
该修改器获取要被设置的属性值,允许你操纵该值并设置 Eloquent 模型内部属性值为操作后的值。例如,如果你尝试设置 Sally的 first_name属性:
$user = App\User::find(1);$user->first_name = 'Sally';
在本例中, setFirstNameAttribute方法会被调用,传入参数为 Sally,修改器会对其调用 strtolower函数并将处理后的值设置为内部属性的值。
3、日期修改器
默认情况下,Eloquent 将会转化 created_at和 updated_at列的值为 Carbon 实例,该类继承自 PHP 原生的 Datetime类,并提供了各种有用的方法。
你可以自定义哪些字段被自动调整修改,甚至可以通过重写模型中的 $dates属性完全禁止调整:
<?phpnamespace App;use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;class User extends Model{ /** * 应该被调整为日期的属性 * * @var array */ protected $dates = ['created_at', 'updated_at', 'disabled_at'];}
如果字段是日期格式时,你可以将其值设置为 UNIX 时间戳,日期字符串( Y-m-d),日期-时间字符串, Datetime/Carbon实例,日期的值将会自动以正确格式存储到数据库中:
$user = App\User::find(1);$user->disabled_at = Carbon::now();$user->save();
正如上面提到的,当获取被罗列在 $dates数组中的属性时,它们会被自动转化为 Carbon实例,允许你在属性上使用任何 Carbon的方法:
$user = App\User::find(1);return $user->disabled_at->getTimestamp();
默认情况下,时间戳的格式是“Y-m-d H:i:s”,如果你需要自定义时间戳格式,在模型中设置 $dateFormat属性,该属性决定日期属性存储在数据库以及序列化为数组或 JSON 时的格式:
<?phpnamespace App;use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;class Flight extends Model{ /** * 模型日期的存储格式 * * @var string */ protected $dateFormat = 'U';}
4、属性转换
模型中的 $casts属性为属性字段转换到通用数据类型提供了便利方法 。 $casts属性是数组格式,其键是要被转换的属性名称,其值时你想要转换的类型。目前支持的转换类型包括: integer, real, float, double, string, boolean, object, array, collection, date和 datetime。
例如,让我们转换 is_admin属性,将其由 integer类型(0或1)转换为 boolean类型:
<?phpnamespace App;use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;class User extends Model{ /** * 应该被转化为原生类型的属性 * * @var array */ protected $casts = [ 'is_admin' => 'boolean', ];}
现在, is_admin属性在被访问时总是被转换为 boolean,即使底层存储在数据库中的值是 integer:
$user = App\User::find(1);if ($user->is_admin) { //}
数组转换
array类型转换在处理被存储为序列化 JSON 格式的字段时特别有用,例如,如果数据库有一个 TEXT 字段类型包含了序列化JSON,添加 array类型转换到该属性将会在 Eloquent 模型中访问其值时自动将其反序列化为 PHP 数组:
<?phpnamespace App;use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;class User extends Model{ /** * 应该被转化为原生类型的属性 * * @var array */ protected $casts = [ 'options' => 'array', ];}
类型转换被定义后,访问 options属性将会自动从 JSON 反序列化为 PHP 数组,反之,当你设置 options属性的值时,给定数组将会自动转化为 JSON 以供存储:
$user = App\User::find(1);$options = $user->options;$options['key'] = 'value';$user->options = $options;$user->save();

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