PHP 设计模式系列 -- 空对象模式(Null Object)
1、模式定义
空对象模式并不是 GoF 那本《设计模式》中提到的 23 种经典设计模式之一,但却是一个经常出现以致我们不能忽略的模式。该模式有以下优点:
- 简化客户端代码
- 减少空指针异常风险
- 更少的条件控制语句以减少测试用例
在空对象模式中,以前返回对象或 null 的方法现在返回对象或空对象NullObject,这样会减少代码中的条件判断,比如之前调用返回对象方法要这么写:
if (!is_null($obj)) { $obj->callSomething(); }
现在因为即使对象为空也会返回空对象,所以可以直接这样调用返回对象上的方法:
$obj->callSomething();
从而消除客户端的检查代码。
当然,你可能已经意识到了,要实现这种调用的前提是返回对象和空对象需要实现同一个接口,具备一致的代码结构。
2、UML类图
3、示例代码
Service.php
<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\NullObject;/** * Service 是使用 logger 的模拟服务 */class Service{ /** * @var LoggerInterface */ protected $logger; /** * 我们在构造函数中注入logger * * @param LoggerInterface $log */ public function __construct(LoggerInterface $log) { $this->logger = $log; } /** * do something ... */ public function doSomething() { // 在空对象模式中不再需要这样判断 "if (!is_null($this->logger))..." $this->logger->log('We are in ' . __METHOD__); // something to do... }}
LoggerInterface.php
<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\NullObject;/** * LoggerInterface 是 logger 接口 * * 核心特性: NullLogger必须和其它Logger一样实现这个接口 */interface LoggerInterface{ /** * @param string $str * * @return mixed */ public function log($str);}
PrintLogger.php
<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\NullObject;/** * PrintLogger是用于打印Logger实体到标准输出的Logger */class PrintLogger implements LoggerInterface{ /** * @param string $str */ public function log($str) { echo $str; }}
NullLogger.php
<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\NullObject;/** * 核心特性 : 必须实现LoggerInterface接口 */class NullLogger implements LoggerInterface{ /** * {@inheritdoc} */ public function log($str) { // do nothing }}
4、测试代码
Tests/LoggerTest.php
<?phpnamespace DesignPatterns\Behavioral\NullObject\Tests;use DesignPatterns\Behavioral\NullObject\NullLogger;use DesignPatterns\Behavioral\NullObject\Service;use DesignPatterns\Behavioral\NullObject\PrintLogger;/** * LoggerTest 用于测试不同的Logger */class LoggerTest extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase{ public function testNullObject() { $service = new Service(new NullLogger()); $this->expectOutputString(null); // 没有输出 $service->doSomething(); } public function testStandardLogger() { $service = new Service(new PrintLogger()); $this->expectOutputString('We are in DesignPatterns\Behavioral\NullObject\Service::doSomething'); $service->doSomething(); }}

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