Home Backend Development PHP Tutorial PHP实现投镖求PI法,最笨但最有意思

PHP实现投镖求PI法,最笨但最有意思

Jun 23, 2016 pm 01:23 PM

#### 原理见下图:被称为利用投飞镖的方法求PI![circle pi](http://static.oschina.net/uploads/img/201408/30103044_VJtv.jpg)#### 以下总结选自其他网友:1. Figure2是Figure1的右上角的部分。 2. 向Figure2中投掷飞镖若干次(一个很大的数目),并且每次都仍在不同的点上。 3. 如果投掷的次数非常多,Figure2将被刺得“千疮百孔”。 4. 这时,“投掷在圆里的次数”除以“总投掷次数”,再乘以4,就是PI的值!(具体的推导过程参见原文) 在这个算法中,很重要的一点是:如何做到“随机地向Figure2投掷”,就是说如何做到Figure2上的每个点被投中的概率相等。 有人总结了一下,这个实际上叫做蒙特卡洛算法,我们取一个单位的正方形(1 x 1) 里面做一个内切圆(单位圆),则 单位正方形面积 :内切单位圆面积 = 单位正方形内的飞镖数 : 内切单位圆内的飞镖数 ,通过计算飞镖个数就可以把单位圆面积算出来, 通过面积,在把圆周率计算出来。 注意 ,精度和你投掷的飞镖次数成正比。#### 我的PHP源码实现:PHP自带的mt_rand随机函数偏差较大,换成Halton sequence的方法,测试结果见后面~~~.php<?php$count = 0;// 忍受不了运算时间,可以把$num 改小// $num 越大,越接近真值$num = 100000;for ($i = 0; $i < $num; $i++) {    // list($x, $y) = array(mt_rand(0, 10000), mt_rand(0, 10000));    // $x /= 10000; $y /= 10000;    $x = halton($i, 3);    $y = halton($i, 7);    if (($x*$x + $y*$y) < 1) {        $count++;    }}$pi = 4.0 * $count / $num;echo $pi."\n";// 参考Halton sequence// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halton_sequencefunction halton($index, $base) {    $result = 0;    $f = 1;    $i = $index;    while ($i > 0) {        $f /= $base;        $result += $f * ($i % $base);        $i = floor($i / $base);    }    return $result;}~~~源码中halton传入参数是经过几次调整后的,更精确一些,测试PI = 3.14156mt_rand误差较大,3次结果如下:	mt_rand-1 => 3.142904	mt_rand-2 => 3.143196	mt_rand-3 => 3.139312
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