PHP: CGI,FASTCGI,php-fpm,mod_php,mod_cgi,mod_fcgid 解释
有些常用概念不注意的时候会有所混淆，简略罗列下。
1. CGI是通用网关接口，HTTP服务器使用这样的接口程序来和其他应用（比如PHP的解释器程序）通讯，由于CGI采用fork and execution方式，
每次请求都需要新建立CGI程序来进行处理，这样导致性能低下。
2. FASTCGI是常驻内存的CGI，实际上是对CGI程序的进程管理，通过master进程接受请求，分发给worker进程，并可以prefork worker进程，减少CGI进程创建、初始化和销毁的开销，从而提高性能。
3. mod_php是apache的内置php解释模块，使用prefork方式，不需要额外的进程来做通讯和应用解释，显然mod_php比mod_cgi这样方式性能要好得多，但缺点是把应用和HTTP服务器绑定在了一起，另外每个Apache进程都需要加载mod_php而不论这个请求是处理静态内容还是动态内容，这样导致浪费内存，效率下降，此外php.ini文件的变更需要重新启动apache服务器才能生效，这使得无法进行平滑配置变更。
4. php-fpm是常和nginx搭配使用的程序，php-fpm实际上就是对FASTCGI协议的一个加强实现，已经被纳入PHP内核，可以通过--enable-fpm编译选项来启用，php-fpm支持配置的平滑变更（通过fork新的worker进程），性能好，内存使用效率高，这也是为什么nginx+php-fpm的配置组合会替代apache+mod_cgi以及apache+mod_php的重要原因。
5. mod_fcgid是apache的fastcgi实现，性能也很好，在apache的2.4以后的版本中得到支持。
参考阅读：
http://httpd.apache.org/mod_fcgid/
http://www.openlogic.com/wazi/bid/209956/mod_php-vs-FastCGI-vs-PHP-FPM-for-Web-Server-Scripting
http://www.eschrade.com/page/why-is-fastcgi-w-nginx-so-much-faster-than-apache-w-mod_php/
http://serverfault.com/questions/6733/php-what-are-the-advantages-of-fastcgi-over-mod-php
by cstopery
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