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MVC scheme with php implement

Jun 23, 2016 pm 02:34 PM

http://www.phpe.net/articles/382.shtml

 

MVC模式在网站架构中十分常见。它允许我们建立一个三层结构的应用程式,从代码中分离出有用的层,帮助设计师和开发者协同工作 以及提高我们维护和扩展既有程式的能力。


视图(View)

“视图”主要指我们送到Web浏览器的最终结果??比如我们的脚本生成的HTML。当说到 视图时,很多人想到的是模版,但是把模板方案叫做视图的正确性是值得怀疑的。

对视图来说,最重要的事情可能是它应该是“自我意识 (self aware)”的,视图被渲染(render)时,视图的元素能意识到自己在更大框架中的角色。

以XML为例,可以说XML 在被解析时,DOM API有着这样的认知??一个DOM树里的节点知道它在哪里和它包含了什么。 (当一个XML文档中的节点用SAX解析时只有当解析到该节点时它才有意义。)

绝大多数模板方案使用简单的过程语言和这样的模板标签:

<p>{some_text}</p> <p>{some_more_text}</p>
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它们在文档中没有意义,它们代表的意义只是PHP将用其他的东西来替换它。

如果你同意这种对视图的松散描述,你也 就会同意绝大多数模板方案并没有有效的分离视图和模型。模板标签将被替换成什么存放在模型中。

在你实现视图时问自己几个问题:“全体视图 的替换容易吗?”“实现一个新视图要多久?” “能很容易的替换视图的描述语言吗?(比如在同一个视图中用SOAP文档替换HTML文档)”


模 型(Model)

模型代表了程序逻辑。(在企业级程序中经常称为业务层(business layer))

总 的来说,模型的任务是把原有数据转换成包含某些意义的数据,这些数据将被视图所显示。通常,模型将封装数据查询,可能通过一些抽象数据类(数据访问层)来 实现查询。举例说,你希望计算英国年度降雨量(只是为了给你自己找个好点的度假地),模型将接收十年中每天的降雨量,计算出平均值,再传递给视图。


控 制器(controller)

简单的说控制器是Web应用中进入的HTTP请求最先调用的一部分。它检查收到的请求,比如一些 GET变量,做出合适的反馈。在写出你的第一个控制器之前,你很难开始编写其他的PHP代码。最常见的用法是index.php中像switch语句的结 构:

<p> </p>              <p class="sycode">                      代码                  <p class="sycode">      <p class="sycode">        1  <? php   2  switch  ( $_GET [ ' viewpage ' ]) {     3      case   " news " :           4       $page = new  NewsRenderer;      5      break ;       6      case   " links " :           7       $page = new  LinksRenderer;       8      break ;       9      default :           10       $page = new  HomePageRenderer;     11       break ; } 12  $page -> display();  ?>      </p>     </p>              </p><p> </p>这段代码混用了面向过程和对象的代码,但是对于小的站点来说,这通常是最好的选择。虽然上边的代码还可以优化。控 制器实际上是用来触发模型的数据和视图元素之间的绑定的控件。例子这里是一个使用MVC模式的简 单例子。首先我们需要一个数据库访问类,它是一个普通类。
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在它上边放上模型。



代码

1 2 /* *
3 * A simple class for querying MySQL */
4 class DataAccess {
5 /* *
6 * Private
7 * $db stores a database resource
8 */
9 var $db ;
10 /* *
11 * Private
12 * $query stores a query resource
13 */
14 var $query ;
15 // Query resource
16 //! A constructor.
17 /* *
18 * Constucts a new DataAccess object
19 * @param $host string hostname for dbserver
20 * @param $user string dbserver user
21 * @param $pass string dbserver user password
22 * @param $db string database name
23 */
24 function DataAccess ( $host , $user , $pass , $db ) {
25 $this -> db = mysql_pconnect ( $host , $user , $pass );
26 mysql_select_db ( $db , $this -> db);
27 }
28 // ! An accessor
29 /* *
30 * Fetches a query resources and stores it in a local member
31 * @param $sql string the database query to run
32 * @return void
33 */
34 function fetch( $sql ) {
35 $this -> query = mysql_unbuffered_query ( $sql , $this -> db); // Perform query here
36 }
37 // ! An accessor
38 /* *
39 * Returns an associative array of a query row
40 * @return mixed
41 */
42 function getRow () {
43 if ( $row = mysql_fetch_array ( $this -> query , MYSQL_ASSOC) )
44 return $row ;
45 else
46 return false ;
47 }
48 }
49 ?>
50

有一点要注意的是,在模型和数据访问类之间,它们的交互从不会多于一行??没有多行被传送,那样会很快使程式慢下来。同样的程式对 于使用模式的类,它只需要在内存中保留一行(Row)??其他的交给已保存的查询资源(query resource)??换句话说,我们让MYSQL替我们保持结果。

接下来是视图??我去掉了HTML以节省空间,你可以查看这篇文章的 完整代码。



代码

/* *
* Binds product data to HTML rendering */
class ProductView {
/* *
* Private
* $model an instance of the ProductModel class
*/
var $model ;
/* *
* Private
* $output rendered HTML is stored here for display
*/
var $output ;
// ! A constructor.
/* *
* Constucts a new ProductView object
* @param $model an instance of the ProductModel class
*/
function ProductView ( & $model ) {
$this -> model =& $model ;
}
// ! A manipulator
/* *
* Builds the top of an HTML page
* @return void
*/
function header () {
}
// ! A manipulator
/* *
* Builds the bottom of an HTML page
* @return void
*/
function footer () {
}
// ! A manipulator
/* *
* Displays a single product
* @return void
*/
function productItem( $id = 1 ) {
$this -> model -> listProduct( $id );
while ( $product = $this -> model -> getProduct() ) {
// Bind data to HTML
}
}
// ! A manipulator
/* *
* Builds a product table
* @return void
*/
function productTable( $rownum = 1 ) {
$rowsperpage = ' 20 ' ;
$this -> model -> listProducts( $rownum , $rowsperpage );
while ( $product = $this -> model -> getProduct() ) {
// Bind data to HTML
}
} // ! An accessor
/* *
* Returns the rendered HTML
* @return string */
function display () {
return $this -> output;
}
}
?>

最后是控制器,我们将把视图实现为一个子类。






代码

1 2 /* *
3 * Controls the application
4 */
5 class ProductController extends ProductView {
6 // ! A constructor.
7 /* *
8 * Constucts a new ProductController object
9 * @param $model an instance of the ProductModel class
10 * @param $getvars the incoming HTTP GET method variables
11 */
12 function ProductController ( & $model , $getvars = null ) {
13 ProductView :: ProductView( $model );
14 $this -> header ();
15 switch ( $getvars [ ' view ' ] ) {
16 case " product " :
17 $this -> productItem( $getvars [ ' id ' ]);
18 break ;
19 default :
20 if ( empty ( $getvars [ ' rownum ' ]) ) {
21 $this -> productTable();
22 } else {
23 $this -> productTable( $getvars [ ' rownum ' ]);
24 } break ;
25 }
26 $this -> footer();
27 }
28 }
29 ?>
30

注意这不是实现MVC的唯一方式??比如你可以用控制器实现模型同时整合视图。这只是演示模式 的一种方法。

我们的index.php 文件看起来像这样:



代码

1 2 require_once ( ' lib/DataAccess.php ' );
3 require_once ( ' lib/ProductModel.php ' );
4 require_once ( ' lib/ProductView.php ' );
5 require_once ( ' lib/ProductController.php ' );
6 $dao =& new DataAccess ( ' localhost ' , ' user ' , ' pass ' , ' dbname ' );
7 $productModel =& new ProductModel( $dao );
8 $productController =& new ProductController( $productModel , $_GET );
9 echo $productController -> display();
10 ?>
11

漂亮而简单。

我们有一些使用控制器的技巧,在PHP中你可以这样做:

              <p class="sycode">                  <p class="sycode">      1  $this -> { $_GET [ ' method ' ]}( $_GET [ ' param ' ]);     </p>              </p><p> </p>
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一个建议是你最好定义程序URL的名字空间形式(namespace),那样它会比较规范比如:

              <p class="sycode">                  <p class="sycode">      1  " index.php?class=ProductView&method=productItem&id=4 "     </p>              </p><p> </p>
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通过它我们可以这样处理我们的控制器:

              <p class="sycode">                  <p class="sycode">      1  $view = new   $_GET [ ' class ' ];  2  $view -> { $_GET [ ' method ' ]( $_GET [ ' id ' ]);     </p>              </p><p> </p>
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有时候,建立控制器是件很困难的事情,比如当你在开发速度和适应性之间权衡时。一个获得灵感的好去处是Apache group 的Java Struts,它的控制器完全是由XML文档定义的。

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