CSS3秘笈第三版涵盖HTML5学习笔记13~17章_html/css

第13章，构建基于浮动的布局

使用的是float（浮动）属性

注：float:none值将取消所有浮动，通常只用来取消元素中已经应用的浮动。

切记：不需要给正文的div设计宽度，即使设计成固定宽度也不用

用浮动进行布局

LayoutGala网站（ http://blog.html.it/layoutgala/）上提供了40种不同的CSS设计，但大多只是基本框架，里面只有

标签及其定位用的CSS代码

布局生成器，Cridinator（ http://gridinator.com）提供了简单的工具，用以创建复杂的多列网格系统

在浮动元素中浮动元素，会在列中增加列。

克服浮动问题

清除浮动和保持浮动

footer{    clear:both;}

Copy after login

清除元素两边的浮动

clear属性值：left，right，both

在非浮动的外围元素如

标签中浮动元素，有可能造成当浮动元素高于div里面的其他内容时，从外围元素的底部凸出来，

解决方法：

1、在外围

底部添加一个清除元素

2、浮动外围元素

3、利用overflow:hidden，在外围元素中使用

4、使用Micro Clear Fix

多列布局

CSS3引入了multicolumn layout（多列布局）模块，IE9及其更早版本不支持，multicolumns属性可以在W3C官网上找到： www.w3.org/TR/css3-multicol/，用以创建和预览多列的在线工具： www.aaronlumsden.com/multicol/

第14章，响应式Web设计

响应式Web设计基础知识

响应式Web设计简称RWD。

Ethan Marcotte在他的著作Responsive Web Design中详细讲解了RWD的步骤，原稿： http://www.alistapart.com/articles/responsive-web-design

RWD中结合了三大理念：用于布局的弹性网络、用于图片和视频的弹性媒体、为不同屏幕宽度创建不同样式的CSS媒体查询

在网页中添加以下代码（标签上方就是它最佳位置）可以忽略手机浏览器对于网页的自动缩放： </p> <p class="sycode"> <p class="sycode"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class="precsshui"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"></pre><div class="contentsignin">Copy after login</div></div> </p> </p> <p class="sycode"> CSS的@viewport也可以实现同样的功能，应该将这个代码放在所有样式表前，但目前还有很多浏览器不支持，需要添加供应商前缀才行 </p> <p class="sycode"> <p class="sycode"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class="precsshui">@viewport{ width:device-width; }</pre><div class="contentsignin">Copy after login</div></div> </p> </p> <h2>媒体查询</h2> </p> <p class="sycode"> <p class="sycode"> 可以根据目标浏览器的宽高给网页分配样式 </p> <h3>使用媒体查询的策略</h3> <p class="sycode"> 1、调整列 </p> <p class="sycode"> 2、弹性宽度 </p> <p class="sycode"> 3、缩进空白空间 </p> <p class="sycode"> 4、调整字号 </p> <p class="sycode"> 5、修改导航菜单 </p> <p class="sycode"> 6、在手持设备上隐藏内容 </p> <p class="sycode"> 7、使用背景图片 </p> <h3>创建断点</h3> <p class="sycode"> 媒体查询可给告诉浏览器在特定条件下使用特定的样式，特定条件通常被称为断点 </p> <p class="sycode"> 如何进行断点设置呢？简单做法是在网页中打开一个网页，然后使用浏览器窗口句柄，让窗口变窄，在某个点时设计将会变得很难看，这时可以设置一个断点，如此循环。一般来说会设计3个断点，一个针对智能手机，一个针对平板电脑，一个针对桌面型浏览器 </p> <h3>桌面型优先还是手机版优先</h3> </p> <p class="sycode"> <h3>创建媒体查询</h3> <p class="sycode"> <p class="sycode"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class="precsshui"><link href="css/small.css" rel="stylesheet" media="(width:480px)"></pre><div class="contentsignin">Copy after login</div></div> </p> </p> <p class="sycode"> 只是新增了media属性，设定条件 </p> <p class="sycode"> IE8及更早版本不支持，通过在文档<head>中添加一些js，也可以让旧版IE支持媒体查询，从 http://tinyurl.com/7w49a6z下载respond.js，引入： </p> <p class="sycode"> <p class="sycode"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class="precsshui"></pre><div class="contentsignin">Copy after login</div></div> </p> </p> <p class="sycode"> 这种只针对精确的查询，最好使用范围值，即借助max-width（小于等于）和min-width（大于等于） </p> <p class="sycode"> 关于浏览器查询信息： www.w3.org/TR/css3-mediaqueries </p> <h2>弹性网格</h2> <p class="sycode"> HTML源码的顺序的重要性 </p> <p class="sycode"> 重置盒模型 </p> <p class="sycode"> 将固定宽度转换成弹性网格 </p> <h2>流式图片</h2> <p class="sycode"> 虽然弹性设计中列会随着浏览器窗口变小而收缩，但图片不会，这就可能导致图片溢出边界 </p> <p class="sycode"> 可以使用如下方式使图片变成具有弹性： </p> <p class="sycode"> 1、首先，添加样式： </p> <p class="sycode"> <p class="sycode"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class="precsshui">img { max-width:100; }</pre><div class="contentsignin">Copy after login</div></div> </p> </p> <p class="sycode"> 2、将HTML中所有img标签的height和width属性删除 </p> <h3>流式图片不足</h3> <p class="sycode"> 图片会伸展到列的100%宽度，这就可能发生拉伸超出它的自然宽度，发生形变和失真。 </p> </p> <p class="sycode"> 第15章，定位网页上的元素 <h2>定位属性的功能</h2> <p class="sycode"> CSS的position属性可以控制Web浏览器如何以及在和何处显示特定的元素 </p> <p class="sycode"> CSS提供了4种类型的定位： </p> <p class="sycode"> 绝对定位：通过以pixel、em或percentage为单位设定元素的左右上下方的位置对它进行定位。 </p> <p class="sycode"> 注：不要在一个样式中同时设定float属性和任何一种定位，除了静态定位和相对定位，absolute和fixed也不能和float属性同时应用于同一个元素 </p> <p class="sycode"> 相对定位：相对于它在HTML流中的当前位置进行定位，与绝对定位不同，其他元素并不会占据相对定位元素原来在HTML中所处的位置，相对定位最大的好处不是移动元素，而是给它内部绝对定位元素设定一个新的参照点 </p> <p class="sycode"> 固定定位：固定定位元素会被锁定在屏幕某个位置上。 </p> <p class="sycode"> 静态定位：只是表示网页内容将遵循正常从上到下的HTML流 </p> <p class="sycode"> position属性可以改变任何一个元素的定位，使用以下4个关键字：static、absolute、relative、fixed </p> <p class="sycode"> 注：静态定位元素将不支持以下要讨论的任何一种定位值 </p> </p> <p class="sycode"> <h2>设置定位值</h2> <p class="sycode"> Web浏览器窗口显示区也被称为检视区（viewport），有上、下、左、右4条边，对应CSS属性top、bottom、left、right </p> <p class="sycode"> position属性后面还有更多种属性（top、bottom、left、right） </p> <p class="sycode"> 利用绝对定位在网页上定位元素时，它的具体位置均取决于相关元素在其它标签中所嵌套的位置： </p> <p class="sycode"> 1、如果一个标签的位置是绝对定位的，且它又不在其他任何设定了absolute、relative、fixed定位的标签里面，那它就是相对于浏览器窗口进行定位 </p> <p class="sycode"> 2、如果一个标签处在另一个设定了absolute、relative、fixed定位的标签里，那它就是相对于另一个元素的边框进行定位 </p> <p class="sycode"> 注：在CSS中，术语relative不完全等同于它的本义，可以解读为“相对于我”的意思。即当对一个标签设置relative定位时，意思是“我内部所有定位元素应该相对于我的位置进行定位” </p> <h2>堆叠元素</h2> <p class="sycode"> 一般来讲，定位元素重叠时的堆叠顺序是按照它们在网页HTML代码中的顺序来决定，但可以通过CSS属性z-index来控制定位元素的堆叠顺序： </p> <p class="sycode"> z-index:3; 这个值为数字，数字越大，越接近堆叠顶部，即出现在HTML页面的前面，还可以使用负值，将一个元素定位在其父元素或者其任意一个祖先元素之下。 </p> <p class="sycode"> 注：IE7及更早版本不支持，z-index最大值是2147483647 </p> </p> <p class="sycode"> <h2>隐藏部分网页</h2> <p class="sycode"> 绝对定位元素时常用CSS属性visibility（可见性），隐藏部分网页或显示隐藏部分visibility:hidden（隐藏），visibility:visible（可见） </p> <p class="sycode"> visibility:hidden与display:none类似，不过visibility会在HTML网页留下空白，display不会 </p> <p class="sycode"> opacity属性也可以隐藏元素：opacity:0，完全不可见，opacity:1，完全可见 </p> <h2>强大的定位策略</h2> <p class="sycode"> 综合使用position的定位 </p> </p> <p class="sycode"> 第四部分----CSS高级技术第16章，设计打印页面的CSS技术 </p> <p class="sycode"> <h2>Media样式表的作用</h2> <p class="sycode"> CSS支持10种不同的媒体类型：all、braille、embossed、handheld、print、projection、screen、speech、tty、tv </p> <p class="sycode"> 应特别注意的3种媒体类型： </p> <p class="sycode"> all：适用于每一种设备，当把样式嵌入或通过外部样式表进行链接时，用的就是这种方式 </p> <p class="sycode"> screen：只适用于显示器 </p> <p class="sycode"> print：只适用于打印网页 </p> <h2>给外部样式表指定媒体类型</h2> <p class="sycode"> <p class="sycode"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class="precsshui"><link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="print.css"></pre><div class="contentsignin">Copy after login</div></div> </p> </p> <p class="sycode"> 技术上来说：@import url(print.css) print;也是可以的，只是IE不支持 </p> <h3>在样式表中指定媒体类型</h3> <p class="sycode"> 在样式表中使用以下语句： </p> </p> <p class="sycode"> <p class="sycode"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class="precsshui">@media print{ /*put your styles for printer in here*/}</pre><div class="contentsignin">Copy after login</div></div> </p> <h2>重写文本样式</h2> <p class="sycode"> 使用pixel或em单位对于浏览器而言可能很好，但对打印机并不起作用。浏览器会根据自己的解释将其转换成打印的单位：点（pt），不同浏览器解释不一样，所以最好能够设置成针对打印机的样式使用pt作为单位 </p> <h2>定义打印背景</h2> <p class="sycode"> 1、取消背景元素 </p> <p class="sycode"> 使用background:white;可直接将背景设置成白色，并取消图片 </p> <p class="sycode"> 2、保留背景元素 </p> <p class="sycode"> 3、给打印添加分页符 </p> <p class="sycode"> 使用page-break-before和page-break-after属性 </p> <p class="sycode"> page-break-before:always让Web浏览器在一个指定样式之前插入分页符，是某个元素显示在打印页的顶部 </p> <p class="sycode"> page-break-after:always是某一个元素显示在打印页面最后 </p> </p> <p class="sycode"> 第17章，改正CSS设计习惯 <p class="sycode"> 1、添加注释 </p> <p class="sycode"> 2、组织样式和样式表 </p> <p class="sycode"> 3、样式命名要清晰 </p> <p class="sycode"> 4、根据用途而不是外观命名样式 </p> <p class="sycode"> 5、不根据位置命名 </p> <p class="sycode"> 6、不使用含义模糊的名称 </p> <p class="sycode"> 7、使用多个类可以节省时间 </p> <p class="sycode"> 8、将样式分组：把网页上相关部位所采用的样式集中在一起，把用途相关的样式集中在一起 </p> <p class="sycode"> 9、用注释分隔样式组 </p> <p class="sycode"> 10、使用多个样式表：可以使用@import合并多个样式表，再引入’ </p> <p class="sycode"> 11、消除浏览器的样式冲突：即各个浏览器的默认样式不一致，要对样式重置 </p> <p class="sycode"> 12、使用派生选择器：尽量减少ID选择器的使用，以及减少类的使用 </p> <p class="sycode"> 高级：面向对象的CSS，可登录网站： http://coding.smashingmagazine.com/2011/12/12/an-introduction-to-object-oriented-css-oocss/，还可以在以下网站查看OOCSS项目： https://github.com/stubbornella/oocss，另一种方法称作Scalable and Modular Architecture for CSS（简称SMACSS），这是一种创建可重用CSS组件的简单样式向导。可通过以下网站了解： http://smacss.com </p> <p class="sycode"> 13、给IE尝试不同的CSS </p> <p class="sycode"> IE条件注释基本结构： </p> <p class="sycode"> <p class="sycode"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class="precsshui"></pre><div class="contentsignin">Copy after login</div></div> </p> <p class="sycode"> 非IE浏览器会当成HTML注释并忽略 </p> <p class="sycode"> 关于IE条件注释更多信息，请登录了解： http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms537512(VS.85).aspx </p> <p class="sycode"></p> <p class="sycode"></p> <p class="sycode"> </p> <p class="sycode"></p> <p class="sycode"></p> <p class="sycode"> </p> <p class="sycode"></p> <p class="sycode"></p> </div> </div> </div> <div style="height: 25px;"> <div class="wzconBq" style="display: inline-flex;"> <span>Related labels：</span> <div class="wzcbqd"> <a onclick="hits_log(2,'www',this);" href-data="https://www.php.cn/search?word=css3秘笈第三版涵盖html5学习笔记13~17章" target="_blank">CSS3秘笈第三版涵盖HTML5学习笔记13~17章</a> </div> </div> <div style="display: inline-flex;float: right; color:#333333;">source：php.cn</div> </div> <div class="wzconOtherwz"> <a href="https://www.php.cn/faq/269079.html" title="理解CSS相对定位和固定定位_html/css_WEB-ITnose"> <span>Previous article：理解CSS相对定位和固定定位_html/css_WEB-ITnose</span> </a> <a href="https://www.php.cn/faq/269081.html" title="Python 修饰器与 functools_html/css_WEB-ITnose"> <span>Next article：Python 修饰器与 functools_html/css_WEB-ITnose</span> </a> </div> <div class="wzconShengming"> <div class="bzsmdiv">Statement of this Website</div> <div>The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. 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