HTML DOM基础知识
一、什么是DOM？
1、HTML DOM 定义了访问和操作HTML文档的标准方法。
2、HTML DOM 把 HTML 文档呈现为带有元素、属性和文本的树结构（节点树）。
3、通过 JavaScript，您可以重构整个 HTML 文档。您可以添加、移除、改变或重排页面上的项目。要改变页面的某个东西，JavaScript 就需要获得对 HTML 文档中所有元素进行访问的入口。这个入口，连同对 HTML 元素进行添加、移动、改变或移除的方法和属性，都是通过文档对象模型来获得的（DOM）。DOM 可被 JavaScript 用来读取、改变 HTML、XHTML 以及 XML 文档。
4、DOM 被分为不同的部分（核心、XML及HTML）和级别（DOM Level 1/2/3）：
*Core DOM：定义了一套标准的针对任何结构化文档的对象 *XML DOM：定义了一套标准的针对 XML 文档的对象 *HTML DOM：定义了一套标准的针对 HTML 文档的对象。
二、HTML DOM节点及节点树
1、节点
根据 DOM，HTML 文档中的每个成分都是一个节点。
DOM 是这样规定的：
整个文档是一个文档节点 每个 HTML 标签是一个元素节点 包含在 HTML 元素中的文本是文本节点 每一个 HTML 属性是一个属性节点 注释属于注释节点 2、Node 层次
节点彼此都有等级关系。
HTML 文档中的所有节点组成了一个文档树（或节点树）。HTML 文档中的每个元素、属性、文本等都代表着树中的一个节点。树起始于文档节点，并由此继续伸出枝条，直到处于这棵树最低级别的所有文本节点为止。
下面这个图片表示一个文档树（节点树）：
3、节点树
1 <html>2 <head>3 <title>DOM Tutorial</title> 4 </head> 5 <body> 6 <h1>DOM Lesson one</h1> 7 <p>Hello world!</p> 8 </body> 9 </html>
Copy after login
上面所有的节点彼此间都存在关系。
*除文档节点之外的每个节点都有父节点。举例，
和 的父节点是 节点，文本节点 "Hello world!" 的父节点是
节点。
*大部分元素节点都有子节点。比方说，
节点有一个子节点：
节点。<title> 节点也有一个子节点：文本节点 "DOM Tutorial"。</p> <p> *当节点分享同一个父节点时，它们就是同辈（同级节点）。比方说，<h1> 和 <p>是同辈，因为它们的父节点均是 <body> 节点。</p> <p> *节点也可以拥有后代，后代指某个节点的所有子节点，或者这些子节点的子节点，以此类推。比方说，所有的文本节点都是 <html>节点的后代，而第一个文本节点是 <head> 节点的后代。</p> <p> *节点也可以拥有先辈。先辈是某个节点的父节点，或者父节点的父节点，以此类推。比方说，所有的文本节点都可把 <html> 节点作为先辈节点。</p> <h2>三、ＨＴＭＬ ＤＯＭ访问节点的方法</h2> <p>１．查找并访问节点</p> <p>你可通过若干种方法来查找您希望操作的元素：</p> <li>通过使用 getElementById() 和 getElementsByTagName() 方法</li> <li>通过使用一个元素节点的 parentNode、firstChild 以及 lastChild 属性 </li> <p><strong>２．getElementById() </strong>和 <strong>getElementsByTagName()</strong></p> <p><strong>（１）getElementById() 可通过指定的 ID 来返回元素，语法：</strong></p> <p class="sycode"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class="precsshui">document.getElementById("ID"); </pre><div class="contentsignin">Copy after login</div></div> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>（２）getElementsByTagName() 方法会使用指定的标签名返回所有的元素（作为一个节点列表），这些元素是您在使用此方法时所处的元素的后代。getElementsByTagName() 可被用于任何的 HTML 元素：</strong></p> <p><strong>语法：</strong></p> <p class="sycode"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class="precsshui">document.getElementsByTagName("标签名称"); </pre><div class="contentsignin">Copy after login</div></div> </p> <p><strong>或者：</strong></p> <p class="sycode"> <div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class="precsshui">document.getElementById('ID').getElementsByTagName("标签名称"); </pre><div class="contentsignin">Copy after login</div></div> </p> <p>＜访问节点列表时，索引号从０开始＞</p> <p><strong>３．parentNode、firstChild以及lastChild</strong></p> <p>这三个属性 parentNode、firstChild 以及 lastChild 可遵循文档的结构，在文档中进行“短距离的旅行”。对 firstChild 最普遍的用法是访问某个元素的文本；parentNode 属性常被用来改变文档的结构；</p> <p>４．根节点</p> <p>有两种特殊的文档属性可用来访问根节点：</p> <li>document.documentElement</li> <li>document.body</li> <p>第一个属性可返回存在于 XML 以及 HTML 文档中的文档根节点。</p> <p>第二个属性是对 HTML 页面的特殊扩展，提供了对 </p> 标签的直接访问。 <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <h2>四．节点信息</h2> <p>每个节点都拥有包含着关于节点某些信息的属性。这些属性是：</p> <li>nodeName（节点名称）</li> <li>nodeValue（节点值）</li> <li>nodeType（节点类型） </li> <p class="sycode"> </p>
<p>１．nodeName</p> <p>nodeName 属性含有某个节点的名称。</p> <li>元素节点的 nodeName 是标签名称</li> <li>属性节点的 nodeName 是属性名称</li> <li>文本节点的 nodeName 永远是 #text</li> <li>文档节点的 nodeName 永远是 #document</li> <p>注释：nodeName 所包含的 XML 元素的标签名称永远是大写的</p> <p class="sycode"> </p>
<p>２．nodeValue</p> <p>对于文本节点，nodeValue 属性包含文本。</p> <p>对于属性节点，nodeValue 属性包含属性值。</p> <p>nodeValue 属性对于文档节点和元素节点是不可用的。</p> <p class="sycode"> </p>
<p>３．nodeType</p> <p>nodeType 属性可返回节点的类型。</p> <br> <p> </p> <p class="sycode"></p> <p class="sycode"></p> <p class="sycode"> </p>
<p class="sycode"></p> <p class="sycode"></p> <p class="sycode"> </p> <p class="sycode"></p> <p class="sycode"></p> </div>
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