第 1 课 页面布局与规划
在网页制作中,有许多的术语,例如:CSS、HTML、DHTML、XHTML等等。在下面的文章中我们将会用到一些有关于HTML的基本知识,而在你学习这篇入门教程之前,请确定你已经具有了一定的HTML基础。下面我们就开始一步一步使用DIV+CSS进行网页布局设计吧。
所有的设计第一步就是构思,构思好了,一般来说还需要用PhotoShop或FireWorks(以下简称PS或FW)等图片处理软件将需要制作的界面布局简单的构画出来,以下是我构思好的界面布局图。
下面,我们需要根据构思图来规划一下页面的布局,仔细分析一下该图,我们不难发现,图片大致分为以下几个部分:
1、顶部部分,其中又包括了LOGO、MENU和一幅Banner图片;
2、内容部分又可分为侧边栏、主体内容;
3、底部,包括一些版权信息。
有了以上的分析,我们就可以很容易的布局了,我们设计层如下图:
根据上图,我再画了一个实际的页面布局图,说明一下层的嵌套关系,这样理解起来就会更简单了。
DIV结构如下:
│body {} /*这是一个HTML元素,具体我就不说明了*/
└#Container {} /*页面层容器*/
├#Header {} /*页面头部*/
├#PageBody {} /*页面主体*/
│ ├#Sidebar {} /*侧边栏*/
│ └#MainBody {} /*主体内容*/
└#Footer {} /*页面底部*/
至此,页面布局与规划已经完成,接下来我们要做的就是开始书写HTML代码和CSS。
第 2 课 写入整体层结构与CSS
接下来我们在桌面新建一个文件夹,命名为“DIV+CSS布局练习”,在文件夹下新建两个空的记事本文档,输入以下内容:
这是XHTML的基本结构,将其命名为index.htm,另一个记事本文档则命名为css.css。
下面,我们在
标签对中写入DIV的基本结构,代码如下:In order to make it easier to read the code in the future, we should add relevant comments. Next, open the css.css file and write the CSS information. The code is as follows:
/ *Basic information*/
body {font:12px Tahoma;margin:0px;text-align:center;background:#FFF;}
/*Page layer container*/
#container { width:100%}
/*Page header*/
#Header {width:800px;margin:0 auto;height:100px;background:#FFCC99}
/* Page body*/
#PageBody {width:800px;margin:0 auto;height:400px;background:#CCFF00}
/*Bottom of page*/
#Footer {width:800px; margin:0 auto;height:50px;background:#00FFFF}
Save the above file and open it with a browser. At this time we can already see the basic structure. This is the page frame.
Instructions on the above CSS (for details, please refer to the CSS2.0 Chinese manual, available for download online):
1. Please develop good commenting habits, this is very important;
2. Body is an HTML element. All content on the page should be written within this tag pair, so I won’t say more;
3. Explain the meaning of some commonly used CSS codes. :
font:12px Tahoma;
Abbreviations are used here, the complete code should be: font-size:12px; font-family:Tahoma; indicating that the font size is 12 pixels and the font is in Tahoma format;
margin:0px;
also uses abbreviations, the full version should be:
margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left :0px
or
margin:0px 0px 0px 0px
The order is top/right/bottom/left, you can also write margin:0 (abbreviation);
The above style description body The top, right, bottom and left margins of the partial pairs are 0 pixels. If you use auto, the margins will be automatically adjusted.
There are also the following writing methods:
margin:0px auto;
Explain the top and bottom margins is 0px, and the left and right are automatically adjusted;
The padding attribute we will use in the future has many similarities with margin. Their parameters are the same,
but they have different meanings. Margin is the external distance , and padding is the internal distance.
text-align:center
Text alignment can be set to left, right, or center. Here I set it to center alignment.
background:#FFF
Set the background color to white. The abbreviation is used for the color here. The complete color should be background:#FFFFFF.
background can be used to fill the specified layer with background color and background image. We will use the following format in the future:
background:#ccc url('bg.gif') top left no-repeat;
Representation: Use #CCC (grayscale color) to fill the entire layer, use bg.gif as the background image,
top left
indicates that the image is located at the upper left end of the current layer, no-repeat indicates that only the image size is displayed without Fill the entire layer.
top/right/left/bottom/center
is used to position the background image, indicating top/right/bottom/left/center respectively; you can also use
background:url('bg.gif') 20px 100px;
means that the X coordinate is 20 pixels and the Y coordinate is 100 pixels.
repeat/no-repeat/repeat-x/repeat-y
respectively means filling the entire layer/no Fill / Fill along the X axis / Fill along the Y axis.
height / width / color
represents height (px), width (px), and font color (HTML color system table) respectively.
4. How to center the page?
After saving the code, you can see that the entire page is displayed in the center. So what is the reason why the page is displayed in the center?
is because we used the following attributes in #container:
margin:0 auto;
According to the previous explanation, you can know that the top and bottom margins are 0, and the left and right margins are automatic, so this layer will Automatically centered.
If you want the page to be on the left, just cancel the auto value, because it is displayed on the left by default.
With margin:auto we can easily center the layer automatically.
5. Here I only introduce these commonly used CSS properties. For others, please refer to the CSS2.0 Chinese manual.
One of Lesson 3 Page Top Making
After we have written the rough DIV structure of the page, we can start to detail each Partially produced.
In the previous chapter, we wrote some styles. Those styles were written for the preview structure. We cleared all the styles in css.css and re-wrote the following style code:
/*Basic information*/
body {font:12px Tahoma;margin:0px;text-align:center;background:#FFF;}
a:link,a :visited {font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;}
a:hover{}
/*Page layer container*/
#container {width:800px;margin:10px auto}
Style description:
a:link,a:visited {font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;}
a:hover {}
These two items are used to control the style of hyperlinks in the page. I will not explain the details. Please refer to the manual.
#container {width:800px;margin:10px auto}
指定整个页面的显示区域。
width:800px指定宽度为800像素,这里根据实际所需设定。
margin:10px auto,则是页面上、下边距为10个像素,并且居中显示。
上一章中我们讲过,对层的margin属性的左右边距设置为auto可以让层居中显示。
接下来,我们开始制作TOP部分,TOP部分包括了LOGO、菜单和Banner,首先我们要做的就是对设计好的图片进行切片,以下是在FW下完成的切片:
我将TOP部分切片为两部分,第一部分包括了LOGO和一条横线。由于LOGO图片并没有太多的颜色,这里我于是将这一部分保存为GIF格式,调色板选择为精确,选择Alpha透明度,色版为白色(此处颜色应与背景色相同),导出为logo.gif,图像宽度为800px。
到这里,有的朋友就说了,* 为什么要使用GIF格式?使用JPEG不是更好吗?
因为GIF格式的图片文件更小,这样能使页面载入的速度更快,当然使用此格式之前必须确定图片并没有使用太多的颜色,当我们使用了GIF格式时,从肉眼上并不能看出图片有什么太大的变化,因此这是可行的。
* 接下来的Banner部分还能使用GIF格式吗?
答案是不能,因为Banner部分是一个细致的图片,如果使用GIF格式颜色会有太大的损失,所以必须使用JPEG格式,将文件导出为banner.jpg。
* 合理的切片是非常之重要的,因为切片的方法正确与否决定了CSS书写的简易程度以及页面载入速度。
切好片后,我们还需要对TOP部分进行分析并将DIV结构写入Header中代码如下:
为什么要这么写呢,因为对菜单使用列表
而为什么要添加以下代码呢?
然后我们在css.css中再写入以下样式:
/*页面头部*/
#header {background:url(logo.gif) no-repeat}
样式说明:
#header {background:url(logo.gif) no-repeat}
给页面头部分加入一个背景图片LOGO,并且不作填充。
这里,我们没有指定header层的高度,为什么不指定呢?
因为header层中还有菜单和banner项,所以层的高度暂时是未知的,而层的属性又可以让层根据内容自动设定调整,因此我们并不需要指定高度。
第 4 课 页面顶部制作之二
使用列表
开始此节的学习前,请确认你已经参照之前的几节内容写入了DIV、CSS到index.htm和css.css文件中。
这一节我将告诉大家如何用列表
以上是这部分的结构,有关于
还有一点需要大家一定要分清楚的,当在HTML中定义为id="divID"时,在CSS对应的设置语法则是#divID{} ,如果在HTML中定义为class="divID"时,则在CSS中对应的设置语法是.divID。
如果id="divID"这个层中包括了一个,则这个img在CSS中对应的设置语法应该是#divID img {},同样,如果是包含在class="divID"这个层中时,则设置语法应该是.divID img {},这一点希望大家要分清楚了。
另外,HTML中的一切元素都是可以定义的,例如table、tr、td、th、form、img、input...等等,如果你要在CSS中设置它们,则直接写入元素的名称加上一对大括号{}就可以了。所有的CSS代码都应该写在大括号{}中。
按照上面的介绍,我们先在css.css中写入以下代码:
#menu ul {list-style:none;margin:0px;}
#menu ul li {float:left;}
解释一下:
#menu ul {list-style:none;margin:0px;}
list-style:none,这一句是取消列表前点,因为我们不需要这些点。
margin:0px,这一句是删除UL的缩进,这样做可以使所有的列表内容都不缩进。
#menu ul li {float:left;}
这里的 float:left 的左右是让内容都在同一行显示,因此使用了浮动属性(float)。
到这一步,建议大家先保存预览一下效果,我们再添加下面的内容,效果如下:
这时,列表内容是排列在一行,我们在#menu ul li {}再加入代码margin:0 10px
#menu ul {list-style:none;margin:0px;}
#menu ul li {float:left;margin:0 10px}
margin:0 10px的作用就是让列表内容之间产生一个20像素的距离(左:10px,右:10px),预览的效果如下:
现在,雏形已经出来了,我们再来固定菜单的位置,把代码改成如下:
#menu {padding:20px 20px 0 0}
/*利用padding:20px 20px 0 0来固定菜单位置*/
#menu ul {float:right;list-style:none;margin:0px;}
/*添加了float:right使得菜单位于页面右侧*/
#menu ul li {float:left;margin:0 10px}
这时,位置已经确定了,可是构思图中,菜单选项之间还有一条竖线,怎么办呢?
别忘了,我们早就已经留好了一个空的
.menuDiv {width:1px;height:28px;background:#999}
保存预览一下,竖线是否已经出来了?关于这段代码就不多讲了,应该是很容易理解的。
不过,菜单选项的文字却在顶部,我们再修改成以下代码:
#menu ul li {float:left;margin:0 10px;display:block;line-height:28px}
关于display:block;line-height:28px大家可以去参阅一下手册,我就不多讲了。
效果基本上已经实现了,剩下的就是修改菜单的超链接样式,在css.css中添加以下代码:
#menu ul li a:link,#menu ul li a:visited {font-weight:bold;color:#666}
#menu ul li a:hover{}
这个也不多说了,没什么好说的了,最后的效果如下:
这一节到这里就完毕了,顺便把素材提供给大家:
构思图:/Files/cm186man/01.rar
HTML和CSS源文件:/Files/cm186man/02.rar
第 5 课 页面制作-用好border和clear
这一节里面,主要就是想告诉大家如何使用好border和clear这两个属性。
首先,如果你曾用过table制作网页,你就应该知道,如果要在表格中绘制一条虚线该如何做,那需要制作一个很小的图片来填充,其实我们还有更简单的办法,只要在
大家可以再次参考手册,然后你就能明白dashed、solid、dotted...等的作用,利用它们你可以制作出许多效果来,实线、虚线、双线、阴影线等等。
The above code can realize the banner in the design sketch. Add the following style to css.css:
#banner {
background:url(banner.jpg) 0 30px no -repeat; /*Add background image*/
width:730px; /*Set the width of the layer*/
margin:auto; /*Center the layer*/
height:240px; /*Setting Height*/
border-bottom:5px solid #EFEFEF; /*Draw a light gray solid line*/
clear:both /*Clear floats*/
}
The border is very It is easy to draw a solid line, and the network resources occupied by image downloading are reduced, making the page loading speed faster.
Another thing to note is clear:both, which means clearing all floats on the left and right. We will also use this attribute in the next layout: clear:left/right. Clear:both is added here because the previous ul and li elements were set to float. If they are not cleared, it will affect the setting of the banner layer position.
The above is the main part of the page. We add the following styles in css.css:
#pagebody {
width:730px; /*Set width*/
margin: 8px auto; /*center*/
}
#sidebar {
width:160px; /*set width*/
text-align:left; /*text left aligned*/
float:left; /*float left*/
clear:left; /*floats are not allowed on the left side*/
overflow:hidden; /*the part beyond the width is hidden*/
}
#mainbody {
width:570px;
text-align:left;
float:right; /*Float to the right*/
clear:right; /*Do not allow floating on the right side*/
overflow:hidden
}
In order to see the effect, it is recommended to add the following code to #sidebar and #mainbody. You can delete this code after the preview is completed:
border :1px solid #E00;
height:200px
Save the preview effect and you can see that these two layers float perfectly, meeting our layout requirements, and the actual width of the two layers should be 160 2 (border) 570 2=734px, which has exceeded the width of the parent layer. Due to clear, the two layers will not be misaligned. This will prevent the page we layout from having too long content (such as pictures) causing misalignment.
The overflow:hidden added later can automatically hide parts of the content that are too long (such as pictures). Usually we will see that when some web pages are loaded, the layout is stretched because the images are too large, and the layout does not return to normal until the page is downloaded. This problem can be solved by adding overflow:hidden.
If used properly, every attribute in CSS can solve many problems. Maybe they have nothing to do with the page you are laying out, but you must know the role of these attributes. When you encounter problems , you can try to use these properties to solve the problem.