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深入理解PHP内核(六)函数的定义、传参及返回值，深入理解内核_PHP教程

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Release： 2016-07-12 08:59:05
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深入理解PHP内核(六)函数的定义、传参及返回值，深入理解内核

一、函数的定义

　　用户函数的定义从function 关键字开始，如下

<span>function</span> foo(<span>$var</span><span>) {
    </span><span>echo</span> <span>$var</span><span>;
}</span>
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　　1、词法分析

　　在Zend/zend_language_scanner.l中我们找到如下所示的代码：

<ST_IN_SCRIPTING><span>"</span><span>function</span><span>"</span><span> {
    </span><span>return</span><span> T_FUNCTION;
}</span>
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　　它所表示的含义是function将会生成T_FUNCTION标记。在获取这个标记后，我们开始语法分析。

　　2、语法分析

　　在Zend/zend_language_parser.y文件中找到函数的声明过程标记如下：

<span>function:
    T_FUNCTION { $$.u.opline_num </span>=<span> CG(zend_lineno); }
;
 
is_reference:
        </span><span>/*</span><span> empty </span><span>*/</span> { $$.op_type =<span> ZEND_RETURN_VAL; }
    </span>|   <span>'</span><span>&</span><span>'</span>         { $$.op_type =<span> ZEND_RETURN_REF; }
;
 
unticked_function_declaration_statement:
        function is_reference T_STRING {
zend_do_begin_function_declaration(</span>&$<span>1</span>, &$<span>3</span>, <span>0</span>, $<span>2</span><span>.op_type, NULL TSRMLS_CC); }
            </span><span>'</span><span>(</span><span>'</span> parameter_list <span>'</span><span>)</span><span>'</span> <span>'</span><span>{</span><span>'</span> inner_statement_list <span>'</span><span>}</span><span>'</span><span> {
                zend_do_end_function_declaration(</span>&$<span>1</span><span> TSRMLS_CC); }
;</span>
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　　　　关注点在function is_reference T_STRING,表示function关键字，是否引用，函数名

　　T_FUNCTION标记只是用来定位函数的声明，表示这是一个函数，而更多的工作是与这个函数相关的东西，包括参数，返回值。

　　3、生成中间代码

　　语法解析后，我们看到所执行编译函数为zend_do_begin_function_declaration。在Zend/zend_complie.c文件找到其实现如下：

<span>void</span> zend_do_begin_function_declaration(znode *<span>function_token, znode 
</span>*<span>function_name,
 </span><span>int</span> is_method, <span>int</span> return_reference, znode *fn_flags_znode TSRMLS_DC) <span>/*</span><span> {{{ 
</span><span>*/</span><span>
{
    ...</span><span>//</span><span>省略</span>
    function_token->u.op_array =<span> CG(active_op_array);
    lcname </span>=<span> zend_str_tolower_dup(name, name_len);
 
    orig_interactive </span>=<span> CG(interactive);
    CG(interactive) </span>= <span>0</span><span>;
    init_op_array(</span>&<span>op_array, ZEND_USER_FUNCTION, INITIAL_OP_ARRAY_SIZE 
TSRMLS_CC);
    CG(interactive) </span>=<span> orig_interactive;
 
     ...</span><span>//</span><span>省略</span>
 
    <span>if</span><span> (is_method) {
        ...</span><span>//</span><span>省略，类方法 在后面的章节介绍</span>
„!<span>ǶGH
    } </span><span>else</span><span> {
        zend_op </span>*opline =<span> get_next_op(CG(active_op_array) TSRMLS_CC);
 
 
        opline</span>->opcode =<span> ZEND_DECLARE_FUNCTION;
        opline</span>->op1.op_type =<span> IS_CONST;
        build_runtime_defined_function_key(</span>&opline-><span>op1.u.constant, lcname,
            name_len TSRMLS_CC);
        opline</span>->op2.op_type =<span> IS_CONST;
        opline</span>->op2.u.constant.type =<span> IS_STRING;
        opline</span>->op2.u.constant.value.str.val =<span> lcname;
        opline</span>->op2.u.constant.value.str.len =<span> name_len;
        Z_SET_REFCOUNT(opline</span>->op2.u.constant, <span>1</span><span>);
        opline</span>->extended_value =<span> ZEND_DECLARE_FUNCTION;
        zend_hash_update(CG(function_table), opline</span>-
><span>op1.u.constant.value.str.val,
            opline</span>->op1.u.constant.value.str.len, &<span>op_array, 
</span><span>sizeof</span><span>(zend_op_array),
             (</span><span>void</span> **) &<span>CG(active_op_array));
    }
 
}
</span><span>/*</span><span> }}} </span><span>*/</span><span><br /></span>
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　　生成的代码为ZEND_DECLARE_FUNCTION，根据这个中间的代码及操作数对应的op_type。我们可以找到中间代码的执行函数为ZEND_DECLARE_FUNCTION_SPEC_HANDLER。

　　　　在生成中间代码的时候，可以看到已经统一了函数名全部为小写，表示函数的名称不是区　　分大小写的。

　　为验证这个实现，我们看一段代码

<span>function T() {
    echo </span><span>1</span><span>;
}
 
function t() {
    echo </span><span>2</span><span>;
}</span>
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　　执行代码会报错Fatal error: Cannot redeclare t() (previously declared in ...)

　　表示对于PHP来说T和t是同一个函数名，校验函数名是否重复，这个过程是在哪进行的呢？

　　4、执行中间代码

　　在Zend/zend_vm_execute.h文件中找到ZEND_DECLARE_FUNCTION中间代码对应的执行函数:ZEND_DECLARE_FUNCTION_SPEC_HANDLER。此函数只调用了函数do_bind_function。其调用代码为：

do_bind_function(EX(opline), EG(function_table), <span>0</span>);
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　　在这个函数中将EX(opline)所指向的函数添加到EG(function_table)中，并判断是否已经存在相同名字的函数，如果存在则报错，EG(function_table)用来存放执行过程中全部的函数信息，相当于函数的注册表。它的结构是一个HashTable，所以在do_bind_function函数中添加新的函数使用的是HashTable的操作函数zend_hash_add

二、函数的参数

　　函数的定义只是一个将函数名注册到函数列表的过程。

　　1、用户自定义函数的参数

　　我们知道对于函数的参数检查是通过zend_do_receive_arg函数来实现的，在此函数中对于参数的关键代码如下：

CG(active_op_array)->arg_info = erealloc(CG(active_op_array)-><span>arg_info,
        </span><span>sizeof</span>(zend_arg_info)*(CG(active_op_array)-><span>num_args));
cur_arg_info </span>= &CG(active_op_array)->arg_info[CG(active_op_array)->num_args-<span>1</span><span>];
cur_arg_info</span>->name = estrndup(varname-><span>u.constant.value.str.val,
        varname</span>-><span>u.constant.value.str.len);
cur_arg_info</span>->name_len = varname-><span>u.constant.value.str.len;
cur_arg_info</span>->array_type_hint = <span>0</span><span>;
cur_arg_info</span>->allow_null = <span>1</span><span>;
cur_arg_info</span>->pass_by_reference =<span> pass_by_reference;
cur_arg_info</span>->class_name =<span> NULL;
cur_arg_info</span>->class_name_len = <span>0</span>;
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　　整个参数的传递是通过给中间代码的arg_info字段执行赋值操作完成。关键点是在arg_info字段，arg_info字段的结构如下：

typedef <span>struct</span><span> _zend_arg_info {
    </span><span>const</span> <span>char</span> *name;   <span>/*</span><span>参数的名称</span><span>*/</span><span>
    zend_uint name_len;     </span><span>/*</span><span>参数名称的长度</span><span>*/</span>
    <span>const</span> <span>char</span> *class_name; <span>/*</span><span> 类名</span><span>*/</span><span>
     zend_uint class_name_len;   </span><span>/*</span><span>类名长度</span><span>*/</span><span>
    zend_bool array_type_hint;  </span><span>/*</span><span>数组类型提示</span><span>*/</span><span>
    zend_bool allow_null;   </span><span>/*</span><span>是否允许为NULLͺ</span><span>*/</span><span>
    zend_bool pass_by_reference;    </span><span>/*</span><span>是否引用传递</span><span>*/</span><span>
    zend_bool return_reference; 
    </span><span>int</span><span> required_num_args;  
} zend_arg_info;</span>
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　　参数的值传递和参数传递的区别是通过pass_by_reference参数在生成中间代码时实现的。

　　对于参数的个数，中间代码中包含的arg_nums字段在每次执行**zend_do_receive_argxx时都会加1.如下代码：

CG(active_op_array)->num_args++;
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　　并且当前参数的索引为ŒCG(active_op_array)->num_args-1.如下代码：

cur_arg_info = &CG(active_op_array)->arg_info[CG(active_op_array)->num_args-<span>1</span>];
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　　以上的分析是针对函数定义时的参数设置，这些参数是固定的。而在实际编写程序时可能我们会用到可变参数。此时我们会用到函数func_num_args和func_get_args。它们是以内部函数存在。于是在Zend\zend_builtin_functions.c文件中找到这两个函数的实现。我们首先来看func_num_args函数的实现，其代码如下：

<span>/*</span><span> {{{ proto int func_num_args(void)
   Get the number of arguments that were passed to the function </span><span>*/</span><span>
ZEND_FUNCTION(func_num_args)
{
    zend_execute_data </span>*ex = EG(current_execute_data)-><span>prev_execute_data;
 
    </span><span>if</span> (ex && ex-><span>function_state.arguments) {
        RETURN_LONG((</span><span>long</span>)(zend_uintptr_t)*(ex-><span>function_state.arguments));
    } </span><span>else</span><span> {
        zend_error(E_WARNING,
</span><span>"</span><span>func_num_args():  Called from the global scope - no function context</span><span>"</span><span>);
        RETURN_LONG(</span>-<span>1</span><span>);
    }
}
</span><span>/*</span><span> }}} </span><span>*/</span>
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　　在存在ex->function_state.arguments的情况下，及函数调用时，返回ex->function_state.arguments转化后的值，否则显示错误并返回-1。这里最关键的一点是EG(current_execute_data)。这个变量存放的是当前执行程序或函数的数据，此时我们需要取前一个执行程序的数据，为什么呢?因为这个函数的调用是在进入函数后执行的。函数的相关数据等都在之前执行过程中，于是调用的是：

zend_execute_data *ex = EG(current_execute_data)->prev_execute_data;
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　　2、内部函数的参数

　　以常见的count函数为例，其参数处理部分的代码如下：

<span>/*</span><span> {{{ proto int count(mixed var [, int mode])
   Count the number of elements in a variable (usually an array) </span><span>*/</span><span>
PHP_FUNCTION(count)
{
    zval </span>*<span>array;
    </span><span>long</span> mode =<span> COUNT_NORMAL;
 
    </span><span>if</span> (zend_parse_parameters(ZEND_NUM_ARGS() TSRMLS_CC, <span>"</span><span>z|l</span><span>"</span><span>,
         </span>&array, &mode) ==<span> FAILURE) {
        </span><span>return</span><span>;
    }
    ... </span><span>//</span><span>省略</span>
}
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　　这里包括了两个操作：一个是取参数的个数，一个是解析参数列表。

　　(1)取参数的个数

　　取参数的个数是通过ZEND_NUM_ARGS()宏来实现的，其定义如下：

<span>#define</span> ZEND_NUM_ARGS()     (ht)
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　　ht是在Zend/zend.h文件中定义的宏INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAMETERS中的ht，如下

<span>#define</span> INTERNAL_FUNCTION_PARAMETERS int ht, zval *return_value,<span>
zval </span>**return_value_ptr, zval *this_ptr, <span>int</span> return_value_used TSRMLS_DC
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　　(2)解析参数列表

　　PHP内部函数在解析参数时使用的是zend_parse_parameters。它可以大大简化参数的接收处理工作，虽然它在处理可变参数时还有点弱。

　　其声明如下：

ZEND_API <span>int</span> zend_parse_parameters(<span>int</span> num_args TSRMLS_DC, <span>char</span> *<span>type_spec, 
...)</span>
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  • 第一个参数num_args表明表示想要接收的参数个数，我们经常使用ZEND_NUM_ARGS()来表示对传入的参数“有多少要多少”
  • 第二个参数应该是宏TSRMLS_CC。
  • 第三个参数type_spec是一个字符串，用来指定我们所期待接收的各个参数的类型，有点类似于printf中指定输出格式的那个格式化字符串。
  • 剩下的参数就是我们用来接收PHP参数值的变量的指针。

　　zend_parse_parameters()在解析参数的同时户尽可能的转换参数类型，这样就可以确保我们总是能得到所期望的类型的变量

　　3、函数的返回值

　　PHP中函数都有返回值，没return返回null

　　(1)return语句

　　从Zend/zend_language_parser.y文件中可以确认其生成中间代码调用的是zend_do_return函数。

<span>void</span> zend_do_return(znode *expr, <span>int</span> do_end_vparse TSRMLS_DC) <span>/*</span><span> {{{ </span><span>*/</span><span>
{
    zend_op </span>*<span>opline;
    </span><span>int</span><span> start_op_number, end_op_number;
 </span><span>if</span><span> (do_end_vparse) {
        </span><span>if</span> (CG(active_op_array)-><span>return_reference
                </span>&& !<span>zend_is_function_or_method_call(expr)) {
            zend_do_end_variable_parse(expr, BP_VAR_W, </span><span>0</span> TSRMLS_CC);<span>/*</span><span> 处理返回引用 </span><span>*/</span><span>
        } </span><span>else</span><span> {
            zend_do_end_variable_parse(expr, BP_VAR_R, </span><span>0</span> TSRMLS_CC);<span>/*</span><span> 处理常规变量返回 </span><span>*/</span><span>
        }
    }
 
   ...</span><span>//</span><span> 省略，取其他中间代码操作</span>
<span> 
    opline</span>->opcode =<span> ZEND_RETURN;
 
    </span><span>if</span><span> (expr) {
        opline</span>->op1 = *<span>expr;
 
        </span><span>if</span> (do_end_vparse &&<span> zend_is_function_or_method_call(expr)) {
            opline</span>->extended_value =<span> ZEND_RETURNS_FUNCTION;
        }
    } </span><span>else</span><span> {
        opline</span>->op1.op_type =<span> IS_CONST;
        INIT_ZVAL(opline</span>-><span>op1.u.constant);
    }
 
    SET_UNUSED(opline</span>-><span>op2);
}
</span><span>/*</span><span> }}} </span><span>*/</span>
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　　生成中间代码为ZEND_RETURN。第一个操作数的类型在返回值为可用的表达式时，其类型为表达式的操作类型，否则类型为IS_CONST。这在后续计算执行中间代码函数时有用到。根据操作数的不同，ZEND_RETURN中间代码会执行ZEND_RETURN_SPEC_CONST_HANDLER，ZEND_RETURN_SPEC_TMP_HANDLER或ZEND_RETURN_SPEC_TMP_HANDLER。这三个函数的执行流程基本类似，包括对一些错误的处理。这里我们以ZEND_RETURN_SPEC_CONST_HANDLER为例说明函数返回值的执行过程：

<span>static</span> <span>int</span><span> ZEND_FASTCALL  
ZEND_RETURN_SPEC_CONST_HANDLER(ZEND_OPCODE_HANDLER_ARGS)
{
    zend_op </span>*opline =<span> EX(opline);
    zval </span>*<span>retval_ptr;
    zval </span>**<span>retval_ptr_ptr;
 
 
    </span><span>if</span> (EG(active_op_array)->return_reference ==<span> ZEND_RETURN_REF) {
 
        </span><span>//</span><span>  Ǔǔŷs&Aacute;\ɁƶMļ@ɗ&Aacute;Ļļ</span>
        <span>if</span> (IS_CONST == IS_CONST || IS_CONST ==<span> IS_TMP_VAR) {   
            </span><span>/*</span><span> Not supposed to happen, but we'll allow it </span><span>*/</span><span>
            zend_error(E_NOTICE, </span><span>"</span><span>Only variable references \</span>
                should be returned by reference<span>"</span><span>);</span>
            <span>goto</span><span> return_by_value;
        }
 
        retval_ptr_ptr </span>= NULL;  <span>//</span><span>  ǓǔŔ</span>
 
        <span>if</span> (IS_CONST == IS_VAR && !<span>retval_ptr_ptr) {
            zend_error_noreturn(E_ERROR, </span><span>"</span><span>Cannot return string offsets by </span>
reference<span>"</span><span>);</span>
<span>        }
 </span><span>if</span> (IS_CONST == IS_VAR && !<span>Z_ISREF_PP(retval_ptr_ptr)) {
            </span><span>if</span> (opline->extended_value == ZEND_RETURNS_FUNCTION &&<span>
                EX_T(opline</span>->op1.u.<span>var</span>).<span>var</span><span>.fcall_returned_reference) {
            } </span><span>else</span> <span>if</span> (EX_T(opline->op1.u.<span>var</span>).<span>var</span>.ptr_ptr ==
                    &EX_T(opline->op1.u.<span>var</span>).<span>var</span><span>.ptr) {
                </span><span>if</span> (IS_CONST == IS_VAR && !<span>0</span><span>) {
                      </span><span>/*</span><span> undo the effect of get_zval_ptr_ptr() </span><span>*/</span><span>
                    PZVAL_LOCK(</span>*<span>retval_ptr_ptr);
                }
                zend_error(E_NOTICE, </span><span>"</span><span>Only variable references \</span>
                 should be returned by reference<span>"</span><span>);</span>
                <span>goto</span><span> return_by_value;
            }
        }
 
        </span><span>if</span> (EG(return_value_ptr_ptr)) { <span>//</span><span>  Ǔǔŷs</span>
            SEPARATE_ZVAL_TO_MAKE_IS_REF(retval_ptr_ptr);   <span>//</span><span>  is_ref__gcőęŒ</span>
<span>1</span><span>
            Z_ADDREF_PP(retval_ptr_ptr);    </span><span>//</span><span>  refcount__gc&OElig;ď&times;1</span>
<span> 
            (</span>*EG(return_value_ptr_ptr)) = (*<span>retval_ptr_ptr);
        }
    } </span><span>else</span><span> {
return_by_value:
 
        retval_ptr </span>= &opline-><span>op1.u.constant;
 
        </span><span>if</span> (!<span>EG(return_value_ptr_ptr)) {
            </span><span>if</span> (IS_CONST ==<span> IS_TMP_VAR) {
 
            }
        } </span><span>else</span> <span>if</span> (!<span>0</span>) { <span>/*</span><span> Not a temp var </span><span>*/</span>
            <span>if</span> (IS_CONST == IS_CONST ||<span>
                EG(active_op_array)</span>->return_reference == ZEND_RETURN_REF ||<span>
                (PZVAL_IS_REF(retval_ptr) </span>&& Z_REFCOUNT_P(retval_ptr) > <span>0</span><span>)) {
                zval </span>*<span>ret;
 
                ALLOC_ZVAL(ret);
                INIT_PZVAL_COPY(ret, retval_ptr);   </span><span>//</span><span>  Ł™ͿʍǓǔŔ </span>
<span>                zval_copy_ctor(ret);
                </span>*EG(return_value_ptr_ptr) =<span> ret;
            } </span><span>else</span><span> {
                </span>*EG(return_value_ptr_ptr) = retval_ptr; <span>//</span><span>  ħ6ɶŔ</span>
<span>                Z_ADDREF_P(retval_ptr);
            }
        } </span><span>else</span><span> {
            zval </span>*<span>ret;
 
            ALLOC_ZVAL(ret);
            INIT_PZVAL_COPY(ret, retval_ptr);    </span><span>//</span><span>  Ł™ͿʍǓǔŔ </span>
            *EG(return_value_ptr_ptr) =<span> ret;    
        }
    }
 
    </span><span>return</span> zend_leave_helper_SPEC(ZEND_OPCODE_HANDLER_ARGS_PASSTHRU);   <span>//</span><span>  Ǔ</span>
<span>ǔĉˆșʒ
}</span>
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　　函数的返回值在程序执行时存储在*EG(return_value_ptr_ptr)。ZEND内核对值返回和引用返回作了区别，并且在此基础上对常量，临时变量和其他类型的变量在返回时作了不同的处理。在return执行完之后，ZEND内核通过调用zend_leave_helper_SPEC函数，清除函数内部使用的变量等。这也是ZEND内核自动给函数加上NULL返回的原因之一。

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