PHP exception handling_PHP tutorial
Author: aolinks
Basic use of exceptions
When an exception is thrown, the following code will not continue to execute, and PHP will try to find a matching "catch" code block.
If the exception is not caught and there is no need to use set_exception_handler() for corresponding processing, then a serious error (fatal error) will occur and an "Uncaught Exception" error message will be output.
Let’s try throwing an exception without catching it:
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: #f9f9f9"><?php //create function with an exception function checkNum($number) { if($number>1) { throw new Exception("Value must be 1 or below"); } return true; } //trigger exception checkNum(2); ?></span>
The above code will get an error like this:
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: #f9f9f9">Fatal error: Uncaught exception 'Exception' with message 'Value must be 1 or below' in C:\webfolder\test.php:6 Stack trace: #0 C:\webfolder\test.php(12): checkNum(28) #1 {main} thrown in C:\webfolder\test.php on line 6</span>
Try, throw and catch
To avoid the errors in the above example, we need to create appropriate code to handle exceptions.
Processing procedures should include:
- Try - Functions that use exceptions should be inside a "try" block. If no exception is triggered, the code continues execution as usual. But if an exception is triggered, an exception will be thrown.
- Throw - This specifies how to trigger the exception. Each "throw" must correspond to at least one "catch"
- Catch - The "catch" code block will catch the exception and create an object containing the exception information
Let’s trigger an exception:
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: #f9f9f9"><?php //创建可抛出一个异常的函数 function checkNum($number) { if($number>1) { throw new Exception("Value must be 1 or below"); } return true; } //在 "try" 代码块中触发异常 try { checkNum(2); //If the exception is thrown, this text will not be shown echo 'If you see this, the number is 1 or below'; } //捕获异常 catch(Exception $e) { echo 'Message: ' .$e->getMessage(); } ?></span>
The above code will get an error similar to this:
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: #f9f9f9">Message: Value must be 1 or below </span>
Explanation of examples:
The above code throws an exception and catches it:
- Create checkNum() function. It detects whether the number is greater than 1. If so, throw an exception.
- Call the checkNum() function in the "try" code block.
- Exception in checkNum() function was thrown
- The "catch" code block receives the exception and creates an object ($e) containing the exception information.
- Output the error message from this exception by calling $e->getMessage() from this exception object
However, in order to follow the principle of "each throw must correspond to a catch", you can set up a top-level exception handler to handle missed errors.
创建一个自定义的 Exception 类
创建自定义的异常处理程序非常简单。我们简单地创建了一个专门的类,当 PHP 中发生异常时,可调用其函数。该类必须是 exception 类的一个扩展。
这个自定义的 exception 类继承了 PHP 的 exception 类的所有属性,您可向其添加自定义的函数。
我们开始创建 exception 类:
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: #f9f9f9"><?php class customException extends Exception { public function errorMessage() { //error message $errorMsg = 'Error on line '.$this->getLine().' in '.$this->getFile() .': <b>'.$this->getMessage().'</b> is not a valid E-Mail address'; return $errorMsg; } } $email = "someone@example...com"; try { //check if if(filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL) === FALSE) { //throw exception if email is not valid throw new customException($email); } } catch (customException $e) { //display custom message echo $e->errorMessage(); } ?></span>
这个新的类是旧的 exception 类的副本,外加 errorMessage() 函数。正因为它是旧类的副本,因此它从旧类继承了属性和方法,我们可以使用 exception 类的方法,比如 getLine() 、 getFile() 以及 getMessage()。
例子解释:
上面的代码抛出了一个异常,并通过一个自定义的 exception 类来捕获它:
- customException() 类是作为旧的 exception 类的一个扩展来创建的。这样它就继承了旧类的所有属性和方法。
- 创建 errorMessage() 函数。如果 e-mail 地址不合法,则该函数返回一条错误消息
- 把 $email 变量设置为不合法的 e-mail 地址字符串
- 执行 "try" 代码块,由于 e-mail 地址不合法,因此抛出一个异常
- "catch" 代码块捕获异常,并显示错误消息
多个异常
可以为一段脚本使用多个异常,来检测多种情况。
可以使用多个 if..else 代码块,或一个 switch 代码块,或者嵌套多个异常。这些异常能够使用不同的 exception 类,并返回不同的错误消息:
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: #f9f9f9"><?php class customException extends Exception { public function errorMessage() { //error message $errorMsg = 'Error on line '.$this->getLine().' in '.$this->getFile() .': <b>'.$this->getMessage().'</b> is not a valid E-Mail address'; return $errorMsg; } } $email = "someone@example.com"; try { //check if if(filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL) === FALSE) { //throw exception if email is not valid throw new customException($email); } //check for "example" in mail address if(strpos($email, "example") !== FALSE) { throw new Exception("$email is an example e-mail"); } } catch (customException $e) { echo $e->errorMessage(); } catch(Exception $e) { echo $e->getMessage(); } ?></span>
例子解释:
上面的代码测试了两种条件,如何任何条件不成立,则抛出一个异常:
- customException() 类是作为旧的 exception 类的一个扩展来创建的。这样它就继承了旧类的所有属性和方法。
- 创建 errorMessage() 函数。如果 e-mail 地址不合法,则该函数返回一个错误消息。
- 执行 "try" 代码块,在第一个条件下,不会抛出异常。
- 由于 e-mail 含有字符串 "example",第二个条件会触发异常。
- "catch" 代码块会捕获异常,并显示恰当的错误消息
如果没有捕获 customException,紧紧捕获了 base exception,则在那里处理异常。
重新抛出异常
有时,当异常被抛出时,您也许希望以不同于标准的方式对它进行处理。可以在一个 "catch" 代码块中再次抛出异常。
脚本应该对用户隐藏系统错误。对程序员来说,系统错误也许很重要,但是用户对它们并不感兴趣。为了让用户更容易使用,您可以再次抛出带有对用户比较友好的消息的异常:
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: #f9f9f9"><?php class customException extends Exception { public function errorMessage() { //error message $errorMsg = $this->getMessage().' is not a valid E-Mail address.'; return $errorMsg; } } $email = "someone@example.com"; try { try { //check for "example" in mail address if(strpos($email, "example") !== FALSE) { //throw exception if email is not valid throw new Exception($email); } } catch(Exception $e) { //re-throw exception throw new customException($email); } } catch (customException $e) { //display custom message echo $e->errorMessage(); } ?></span>
例子解释:
上面的代码检测在邮件地址中是否含有字符串 "example"。如果有,则再次抛出异常:
- customException() 类是作为旧的 exception 类的一个扩展来创建的。这样它就继承了旧类的所有属性和方法。
- 创建 errorMessage() 函数。如果 e-mail 地址不合法,则该函数返回一个错误消息。
- 把 $email 变量设置为一个有效的邮件地址,但含有字符串 "example"。
- "try" 代码块包含另一个 "try" 代码块,这样就可以再次抛出异常。
- 由于 e-mail 包含字符串 "example",因此触发异常。
- "catch" 捕获到该异常,并重新抛出 "customException"。
- 捕获到 "customException",并显示一条错误消息。
如果在其目前的 "try" 代码块中异常没有被捕获,则它将在更高层级上查找 catch 代码块。
设置顶层异常处理器 (Top Level Exception Handler)
set_exception_handler() 函数可设置处理所有未捕获异常的用户定义函数。
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: #f9f9f9"><?php function myException($exception) { echo "<b>Exception:</b> " , $exception->getMessage(); } set_exception_handler('myException'); throw new Exception('Uncaught Exception occurred'); ?></span>
以上代码的输出应该类似这样:
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: #f9f9f9">Exception: Uncaught Exception occurred</span>
在上面的代码中,不存在 "catch" 代码块,而是触发顶层的异常处理程序。应该使用此函数来捕获所有未被捕获的异常。
异常的规则
- 需要进行异常处理的代码应该放入 try 代码块内,以便捕获潜在的异常。
- 每个 try 或 throw 代码块必须至少拥有一个对应的 catch 代码块。
- 使用多个 catch 代码块可以捕获不同种类的异常。
- 可以在 try 代码块内的 catch 代码块中再次抛出(re-thrown)异常。
简而言之:如果抛出了异常,就必须捕获它

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