Advanced use of mathematical operators in Python
The behavior of an object in Python is determined by its type. The so-called type is to support certain specific operations. Numeric objects are fundamental elements in any programming language, supporting mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Python's numerical objects include integers and floating point numbers, supporting various mathematical operations, such as +, -, *, /, etc. Without these operators, the program can only use function calls to perform mathematical operations, such as add(2, 3), sub(5, 2).
The functions of operators in the program are consistent with the usage of ordinary mathematical operations, making them easier and more intuitive to use. In Python, these operators are implemented by defining some special methods of objects, such as object.__add__() and object.__sub__(). If users implement the above special methods when defining their own classes, the objects of the custom class can support corresponding mathematical operations, thereby simulating the behavior of digital objects. This actually achieves the effect of operator overloading.
Here is an explanation of how to implement a Chinese number class that supports common mathematical operations in Python by implementing a Chinese number class that supports addition operations. The basic definition of the ChineseNumber class is as follows.
class ChineseNumber:
def __init__(self, n):
self.num = n
self.alphabet = [u'零', u'一', u'二', u'三', u'四',
u'五', u'六', u'七', u'八', u'九', u'十']
def __str__(self):
sign = '负' if self.num < 0 else ''
return sign + ''.join([self.alphabet[int(s)] for s in str(abs(self.num))])
def __repr__(self):
return self.__str__()
Currently, the effect achieved is as follows:
>>> a = ChineseNumber(2) >>> a #调用a.__repr__() 二 >>> print(a) #调用a.__str__() 二
General mathematical operators
When defining a class, implement the __add__() method to add the + operator to this class. Add the following method to ChineseNumber:
def __add__(self, other):
if type(other) is ChineseNumber:
return ChineseNumber(self.num + other.num)
elif type(other) is int:
return ChineseNumber(self.num + other)
else:
return NotImplemented
At this time, the ChineseNumber object can use +.
>>> a, b = ChineseNumber(2), ChineseNumber(10) >>> a + b 十二 >>> a + 5 七 >>> a + 3.7 TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'ChineseNumber' and 'float'
For +, a + b is equivalent to calling a.__add__(b). Similarly, other mathematical operators can be defined, see the table below.
object.__add__(self, other): + object.__sub__(self, other): - object.__mul__(self, other): * object.__matmul__(self, other): @ object.__truediv__(self, other): / object.__floordiv__(self, other): // object.__mod__(self, other): % object.__divmod__(self, other): divmod, divmod(a, b) = (a/b, a%b) object.__pow__(self, other[,modulo]): **, pow() object.__lshift__(self, other): << object.__rshift__(self, other): >> object.__and__(self, other): & object.__xor__(self, other): ^ object.__or__(self, other): |
Mathematical operator with operand inversion (Reflected/Swapped Operand)
>>> 2 + a TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'ChineseNumber'
2 is an integer type, and its __add__() method does not support objects of the ChineseNumber class, so the above error occurred. Defining mathematical operators with operand inversion can solve this problem. Add the __radd__() method to the ChineseNumber class to implement the + operation of operand reversal.
def __radd__(self, other):
return self.__add__(other)
For a + b, if a does not define the __add__() method, Python tries to call the __radd__() method of b. At this time, a + b is equivalent to calling b.__radd__(a).
>>> a = ChineseNumber(2) >>> 2 + a 四
Similarly, other mathematical operators with operand inversion can be defined, see the table below.
object.__radd__(self, other): + object.__rsub__(self, other): - object.__rmul__(self, other): * object.__rmatmul__(self, other): @ object.__rtruediv__(self, other): / object.__rfloordiv__(self, other): // object.__rmod__(self, other): % object.__rdivmod__(self, other): divmod, divmod(a, b) = (b/a, b%a) object.__rpow__(self, other[,modulo]): **, pow() object.__rlshift__(self, other): << object.__rrshift__(self, other): >> object.__rand__(self, other): & object.__rxor__(self, other): ^ object.__ror__(self, other): |
Arithmetic assignment operator
The operation assignment operator uses a single operator to complete operation and assignment operations. For example, a += b is equivalent to calling a = a + b. Add the __iadd__() method to ChineseNumber to implement the += operator.
def __iadd__(self, other):
if type(other) is ChineseNumber:
self.num += other.num
return self
elif type(other) is int:
self.num += other
return self
else:
return NotImplemented
At this time,
>>> a, b = ChineseNumber(2), ChineseNumber(10) >>> a += b >>> a 十二 >>> a + 7 >>> a 十九
Similarly, other operation assignment operators can be defined, see the table below.
object.__iadd__(self, other): += object.__isub__(self, other): -= object.__imul__(self, other): *= object.__imatmul__(self, other): @= object.__itruediv__(self, other): /= object.__ifloordiv__(self, other): //= object.__imod__(self, other): %= object.__ipow__(self, other[,modulo]): **= object.__ilshift__(self, other): <<= object.__irshift__(self, other): >>= object.__iand__(self, other): &= object.__ixor__(self, other): ^= object.__ior__(self, other): |=
Unary mathematical operators
Unary mathematical operators are operations with only one operand, such as the - operator for taking negative numbers. -The corresponding special function is __neg__(). Add __neg__() method for ChineseNumber,
def __neg__(self):
return ChineseNumber(-self.num)
At this time, the ChineseNumber object supports the - operation.
>>> a = ChineseNumber(5) >>> -a 负五
See the table below for other unary operators.
object.__neg__(self): - object.__pos__(self): + object.__abs__(self): abs() object.__invert__(self): ~ object.__complex__(self): complex() object.__int__(self): int() object.__float__(self): float() object.__round__(self): round() object.__index__(self): operator.index()
Hot AI Tools
Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos
AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.
Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free
Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover
AI Hentai Generator
Generate AI Hentai for free.
Hot Article
Hot Tools
Notepad++7.3.1
Easy-to-use and free code editor
SublimeText3 Chinese version
Chinese version, very easy to use
Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment
Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools
SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)
Hot Topics
How to download deepseek Xiaomi
Feb 19, 2025 pm 05:27 PM
How to download DeepSeek Xiaomi? Search for "DeepSeek" in the Xiaomi App Store. If it is not found, continue to step 2. Identify your needs (search files, data analysis), and find the corresponding tools (such as file managers, data analysis software) that include DeepSeek functions.
How do you ask him deepseek
Feb 19, 2025 pm 04:42 PM
The key to using DeepSeek effectively is to ask questions clearly: express the questions directly and specifically. Provide specific details and background information. For complex inquiries, multiple angles and refute opinions are included. Focus on specific aspects, such as performance bottlenecks in code. Keep a critical thinking about the answers you get and make judgments based on your expertise.
How to search deepseek
Feb 19, 2025 pm 05:18 PM
Just use the search function that comes with DeepSeek. Its powerful semantic analysis algorithm can accurately understand the search intention and provide relevant information. However, for searches that are unpopular, latest information or problems that need to be considered, it is necessary to adjust keywords or use more specific descriptions, combine them with other real-time information sources, and understand that DeepSeek is just a tool that requires active, clear and refined search strategies.
How to program deepseek
Feb 19, 2025 pm 05:36 PM
DeepSeek is not a programming language, but a deep search concept. Implementing DeepSeek requires selection based on existing languages. For different application scenarios, it is necessary to choose the appropriate language and algorithms, and combine machine learning technology. Code quality, maintainability, and testing are crucial. Only by choosing the right programming language, algorithms and tools according to your needs and writing high-quality code can DeepSeek be successfully implemented.
How to use deepseek to settle accounts
Feb 19, 2025 pm 04:36 PM
Question: Is DeepSeek available for accounting? Answer: No, it is a data mining and analysis tool that can be used to analyze financial data, but it does not have the accounting record and report generation functions of accounting software. Using DeepSeek to analyze financial data requires writing code to process data with knowledge of data structures, algorithms, and DeepSeek APIs to consider potential problems (e.g. programming knowledge, learning curves, data quality)
The Key to Coding: Unlocking the Power of Python for Beginners
Oct 11, 2024 pm 12:17 PM
Python is an ideal programming introduction language for beginners through its ease of learning and powerful features. Its basics include: Variables: used to store data (numbers, strings, lists, etc.). Data type: Defines the type of data in the variable (integer, floating point, etc.). Operators: used for mathematical operations and comparisons. Control flow: Control the flow of code execution (conditional statements, loops).
Problem-Solving with Python: Unlock Powerful Solutions as a Beginner Coder
Oct 11, 2024 pm 08:58 PM
Pythonempowersbeginnersinproblem-solving.Itsuser-friendlysyntax,extensivelibrary,andfeaturessuchasvariables,conditionalstatements,andloopsenableefficientcodedevelopment.Frommanagingdatatocontrollingprogramflowandperformingrepetitivetasks,Pythonprovid
How to access DeepSeekapi - DeepSeekapi access call tutorial
Mar 12, 2025 pm 12:24 PM
Detailed explanation of DeepSeekAPI access and call: Quick Start Guide This article will guide you in detail how to access and call DeepSeekAPI, helping you easily use powerful AI models. Step 1: Get the API key to access the DeepSeek official website and click on the "Open Platform" in the upper right corner. You will get a certain number of free tokens (used to measure API usage). In the menu on the left, click "APIKeys" and then click "Create APIkey". Name your APIkey (for example, "test") and copy the generated key right away. Be sure to save this key properly, as it will only be displayed once
