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A PHP QRcode class to share with you_PHP Tutorial

Jul 21, 2016 pm 03:23 PM
define k mode php and code share copy of kind

Class code:

Copy code The code is as follows:

define('QR_MODE_NUL', -1);
define('QR_MODE_NUM', 0);
define('QR_MODE_AN', 1);
define('QR_MODE_8', 2);
define('QR_MODE_KANJI', 3);
define('QR_MODE_STRUCTURE', 4);
// Levels of error correction.
define('QR_ECLEVEL_L', 0);
define('QR_ECLEVEL_M', 1);
define('QR_ECLEVEL_Q', 2);
define('QR_ECLEVEL_H', 3);
// Supported output formats
define('QR_FORMAT_TEXT', 0);
define('QR_FORMAT_PNG', 1);
class qrstr {
public static function set(&$srctab, $x, $y, $repl, $replLen = false) {
$srctab[$y] = substr_replace($srctab[$y], ($replLen !== false)?substr($repl,0,$replLen):$repl, $x, ($replLen !== false)?$replLen:strlen($repl));
}
}
define('QR_CACHEABLE', false); // use cache - more disk reads but less CPU power, masks and format templates are stored there
define('QR_CACHE_DIR', false); // used when QR_CACHEABLE === true
define('QR_LOG_DIR', false); // default error logs dir
define('QR_FIND_BEST_MASK', true); // if true, estimates best mask (spec. default, but extremally slow; set to false to significant performance boost but (propably) worst quality code
define('QR_FIND_FROM_RANDOM', 2); // if false, checks all masks available, otherwise value tells count of masks need to be checked, mask id are got randomly
define('QR_DEFAULT_MASK', 2); // when QR_FIND_BEST_MASK === false
define('QR_PNG_MAXIMUM_SIZE', 1024); // maximum allowed png image width (in pixels), tune to make sure GD and PHP can handle such big images
class QRtools {
public static function binarize($frame){
$len = count($frame);
foreach ($frame as &$frameLine) {
for($i=0; $i<$len; $i++) {
$frameLine[$i] = (ord($frameLine[$i])&1)?'1':'0';
}
}
return $frame;
}
public static function tcpdfBarcodeArray($code, $mode = 'QR,L', $tcPdfVersion = '4.5.037'){
$barcode_array = array();
if (!is_array($mode))
$mode = explode(',', $mode);
$eccLevel = 'L';
if (count($mode) > 1) {
$eccLevel = $mode[1];
}
$qrTab = QRcode::text($code, false, $eccLevel);
$size = count($qrTab);
$barcode_array['num_rows'] = $size;
$barcode_array['num_cols'] = $size;
$barcode_array['bcode'] = array();
foreach ($qrTab as $line) {
$arrAdd = array();
foreach(str_split($line) as $char)
$arrAdd[] = ($char=='1')?1:0;
$barcode_array['bcode'][] = $arrAdd;
}
return $barcode_array;
}
public static function clearCache(){
self::$frames = array();
}
public static function buildCache(){
QRtools::markTime('before_build_cache');
$mask = new QRmask();
for ($a=1; $a <= QRSPEC_VERSION_MAX; $a++) {
$frame = QRspec::newFrame($a);
if (QR_IMAGE) {
$fileName = QR_CACHE_DIR.'frame_'.$a.'.png';
QRimage::png(self::binarize($frame), $fileName, 1, 0);
}
$width = count($frame);
$bitMask = array_fill(0, $width, array_fill(0, $width, 0));
for ($maskNo=0; $maskNo<8; $maskNo++)
$mask->makeMaskNo($maskNo, $width, $frame, $bitMask, true);
}
QRtools::markTime('after_build_cache');
}
public static function log($outfile, $err){
if (QR_LOG_DIR !== false) {
if ($err != '') {
if ($outfile !== false) {
file_put_contents(QR_LOG_DIR.basename($outfile).'-errors.txt', date('Y-m-d H:i:s').': '.$err, FILE_APPEND);
} else {
file_put_contents(QR_LOG_DIR.'errors.txt', date('Y-m-d H:i:s').': '.$err, FILE_APPEND);
}
}
}
}
public static function dumpMask($frame){
$width = count($frame);
for($y=0;$y<$width;$y++) {
for($x=0;$x<$width;$x++) {
echo ord($frame[$y][$x]).',';
}
}
}
public static function markTime($markerId){
list($usec, $sec) = explode(" ", microtime());
$time = ((float)$usec + (float)$sec);
if (!isset($GLOBALS['qr_time_bench']))
$GLOBALS['qr_time_bench'] = array();
$GLOBALS['qr_time_bench'][$markerId] = $time;
}
public static function timeBenchmark(){
self::markTime('finish');
$lastTime = 0;
$startTime = 0;
$p = 0;
echo '

';
foreach($GLOBALS['qr_time_bench'] as $markerId=>$thisTime) {
if ($p > 0) {
echo '';
} else {
$startTime = $thisTime;
}
$p++;
$lastTime = $thisTime;
}
echo '


BENCHMARK
till '.$markerId.': '.number_format($thisTime-$lastTime, 6).'s
TOTAL: '.number_format($lastTime-$startTime, 6).'s
';
}
}
//##########################################################################
QRtools::markTime('start');
define('QRSPEC_VERSION_MAX', 40);
define('QRSPEC_WIDTH_MAX', 177);
define('QRCAP_WIDTH', 0);
define('QRCAP_WORDS', 1);
define('QRCAP_REMINDER', 2);
define('QRCAP_EC', 3);
class QRspec {
public static $capacity = array(
array( 0, 0, 0, array( 0, 0, 0, 0)),
array( 21, 26, 0, array( 7, 10, 13, 17)), // 1
array( 25, 44, 7, array( 10, 16, 22, 28)),
array( 29, 70, 7, array( 15, 26, 36, 44)),
array( 33, 100, 7, array( 20, 36, 52, 64)),
array( 37, 134, 7, array( 26, 48, 72, 88)), // 5
array( 41, 172, 7, array( 36, 64, 96, 112)),
array( 45, 196, 0, array( 40, 72, 108, 130)),
array( 49, 242, 0, array( 48, 88, 132, 156)),
array( 53, 292, 0, array( 60, 110, 160, 192)),
array( 57, 346, 0, array( 72, 130, 192, 224)), //10
array( 61, 404, 0, array( 80, 150, 224, 264)),
array( 65, 466, 0, array( 96, 176, 260, 308)),
array( 69, 532, 0, array( 104, 198, 288, 352)),
array( 73, 581, 3, array( 120, 216, 320, 384)),
array( 77, 655, 3, array( 132, 240, 360, 432)), //15
array( 81, 733, 3, array( 144, 280, 408, 480)),
array( 85, 815, 3, array( 168, 308, 448, 532)),
array( 89, 901, 3, array( 180, 338, 504, 588)),
array( 93, 991, 3, array( 196, 364, 546, 650)),
array( 97, 1085, 3, array( 224, 416, 600, 700)), //20
array(101, 1156, 4, array( 224, 442, 644, 750)),
array(105, 1258, 4, array( 252, 476, 690, 816)),
array(109, 1364, 4, array( 270, 504, 750, 900)),
array(113, 1474, 4, array( 300, 560, 810, 960)),
array(117, 1588, 4, array( 312, 588, 870, 1050)), //25
array(121, 1706, 4, array( 336, 644, 952, 1110)),
array(125, 1828, 4, array( 360, 700, 1020, 1200)),
array(129, 1921, 3, array( 390, 728, 1050, 1260)),
array(133, 2051, 3, array( 420, 784, 1140, 1350)),
array(137, 2185, 3, array( 450, 812, 1200, 1440)), //30
array(141, 2323, 3, array( 480, 868, 1290, 1530)),
array(145, 2465, 3, array( 510, 924, 1350, 1620)),
array(149, 2611, 3, array( 540, 980, 1440, 1710)),
array(153, 2761, 3, array( 570, 1036, 1530, 1800)),
array(157, 2876, 0, array( 570, 1064, 1590, 1890)), //35
array(161, 3034, 0, array( 600, 1120, 1680, 1980)),
array(165, 3196, 0, array( 630, 1204, 1770, 2100)),
array(169, 3362, 0, array( 660, 1260, 1860, 2220)),
array(173, 3532, 0, array( 720, 1316, 1950, 2310)),
array(177, 3706, 0, array( 750, 1372, 2040, 2430)) //40
);
public static function getDataLength($version, $level){
return self::$capacity[$version][QRCAP_WORDS] - self::$capacity[$version][QRCAP_EC][$level];
}
public static function getECCLength($version, $level){
return self::$capacity[$version][QRCAP_EC][$level];
}
public static function getWidth($version){
return self::$capacity[$version][QRCAP_WIDTH];
}
public static function getRemainder($version){
return self::$capacity[$version][QRCAP_REMINDER];
}
public static function getMinimumVersion($size, $level){
for($i=1; $i<= QRSPEC_VERSION_MAX; $i++) {
$words = self::$capacity[$i][QRCAP_WORDS] - self::$capacity[$i][QRCAP_EC][$level];
if($words >= $size)
return $i;
}
return -1;
}
//######################################################################
public static $lengthTableBits = array(
array(10, 12, 14),
array( 9, 11, 13),
array( 8, 16, 16),
array( 8, 10, 12)
);
public static function lengthIndicator($mode, $version){
if ($mode == QR_MODE_STRUCTURE)
return 0;
if ($version <= 9) {
$l = 0;
} else if ($version <= 26) {
$l = 1;
} else {
$l = 2;
}
return self::$lengthTableBits[$mode][$l];
}
public static function maximumWords($mode, $version){
if($mode == QR_MODE_STRUCTURE)
return 3;
if($version <= 9) {
$l = 0;
} else if($version <= 26) {
$l = 1;
} else {
$l = 2;
}
$bits = self::$lengthTableBits[$mode][$l];
$words = (1 << $bits) - 1;
if($mode == QR_MODE_KANJI) {
$words *= 2; // the number of bytes is required
}
return $words;
}
public static $eccTable = array(
array(array( 0, 0), array( 0, 0), array( 0, 0), array( 0, 0)),
array(array( 1, 0), array( 1, 0), array( 1, 0), array( 1, 0)), // 1
array(array( 1, 0), array( 1, 0), array( 1, 0), array( 1, 0)),
array(array( 1, 0), array( 1, 0), array( 2, 0), array( 2, 0)),
array(array( 1, 0), array( 2, 0), array( 2, 0), array( 4, 0)),
array(array( 1, 0), array( 2, 0), array( 2, 2), array( 2, 2)), // 5
array(array( 2, 0), array( 4, 0), array( 4, 0), array( 4, 0)),
array(array( 2, 0), array( 4, 0), array( 2, 4), array( 4, 1)),
array(array( 2, 0), array( 2, 2), array( 4, 2), array( 4, 2)),
array(array( 2, 0), array( 3, 2), array( 4, 4), array( 4, 4)),
array(array( 2, 2), array( 4, 1), array( 6, 2), array( 6, 2)), //10
array(array( 4, 0), array( 1, 4), array( 4, 4), array( 3, 8)),
array(array( 2, 2), array( 6, 2), array( 4, 6), array( 7, 4)),
array(array( 4, 0), array( 8, 1), array( 8, 4), array(12, 4)),
array(array( 3, 1), array( 4, 5), array(11, 5), array(11, 5)),
array(array( 5, 1), array( 5, 5), array( 5, 7), array(11, 7)), //15
array(array( 5, 1), array( 7, 3), array(15, 2), array( 3, 13)),
array(array( 1, 5), array(10, 1), array( 1, 15), array( 2, 17)),
array(array( 5, 1), array( 9, 4), array(17, 1), array( 2, 19)),
array(array( 3, 4), array( 3, 11), array(17, 4), array( 9, 16)),
array(array( 3, 5), array( 3, 13), array(15, 5), array(15, 10)), //20
array(array( 4, 4), array(17, 0), array(17, 6), array(19, 6)),
array(array( 2, 7), array(17, 0), array( 7, 16), array(34, 0)),
array(array( 4, 5), array( 4, 14), array(11, 14), array(16, 14)),
array(array( 6, 4), array( 6, 14), array(11, 16), array(30, 2)),
array(array( 8, 4), array( 8, 13), array( 7, 22), array(22, 13)), //25
array(array(10, 2), array(19, 4), array(28, 6), array(33, 4)),
array(array( 8, 4), array(22, 3), array( 8, 26), array(12, 28)),
array(array( 3, 10), array( 3, 23), array( 4, 31), array(11, 31)),
array(array( 7, 7), array(21, 7), array( 1, 37), array(19, 26)),
array(array( 5, 10), array(19, 10), array(15, 25), array(23, 25)), //30
array(array(13, 3), array( 2, 29), array(42, 1), array(23, 28)),
array(array(17, 0), array(10, 23), array(10, 35), array(19, 35)),
array(array(17, 1), array(14, 21), array(29, 19), array(11, 46)),
array(array(13, 6), array(14, 23), array(44, 7), array(59, 1)),
array(array(12, 7), array(12, 26), array(39, 14), array(22, 41)), //35
array(array( 6, 14), array( 6, 34), array(46, 10), array( 2, 64)),
array(array(17, 4), array(29, 14), array(49, 10), array(24, 46)),
array(array( 4, 18), array(13, 32), array(48, 14), array(42, 32)),
array(array(20, 4), array(40, 7), array(43, 22), array(10, 67)),
array(array(19, 6), array(18, 31), array(34, 34), array(20, 61)),//40
);
// CACHEABLE!!!
public static function getEccSpec($version, $level, array &$spec){
if (count($spec) < 5) {
$spec = array(0,0,0,0,0);
}
$b1 = self::$eccTable[$version][$level][0];
$b2 = self::$eccTable[$version][$level][1];
$data = self::getDataLength($version, $level);
$ecc = self::getECCLength($version, $level);
if($b2 == 0) {
$spec[0] = $b1;
$spec[1] = (int)($data / $b1);
$spec[2] = (int)($ecc / $b1);
$spec[3] = 0;
$spec[4] = 0;
} else {
$spec[0] = $b1;
$spec[1] = (int)($data / ($b1 + $b2));
$spec[2] = (int)($ecc / ($b1 + $b2));
$spec[3] = $b2;
$spec[4] = $spec[1] + 1;
}
}
public static $alignmentPattern = array(
array( 0, 0),
array( 0, 0), array(18, 0), array(22, 0), array(26, 0), array(30, 0), // 1- 5
array(34, 0), array(22, 38), array(24, 42), array(26, 46), array(28, 50), // 6-10
array(30, 54), array(32, 58), array(34, 62), array(26, 46), array(26, 48), //11-15
array(26, 50), array(30, 54), array(30, 56), array(30, 58), array(34, 62), //16-20
array(28, 50), array(26, 50), array(30, 54), array(28, 54), array(32, 58), //21-25
array(30, 58), array(34, 62), array(26, 50), array(30, 54), array(26, 52), //26-30
array(30, 56), array(34, 60), array(30, 58), array(34, 62), array(30, 54), //31-35
array(24, 50), array(28, 54), array(32, 58), array(26, 54), array(30, 58), //35-40
);
public static function putAlignmentMarker(array &$frame, $ox, $oy){
$finder = array(
"xa1xa1xa1xa1xa1",
"xa1xa0xa0xa0xa1",
"xa1xa0xa1xa0xa1",
"xa1xa0xa0xa0xa1",
"xa1xa1xa1xa1xa1"
);
$yStart = $oy-2;
$xStart = $ox-2;
for($y=0; $y<5; $y++) {
QRstr::set($frame, $xStart, $yStart+$y, $finder[$y]);
}
}
public static function putAlignmentPattern($version, &$frame, $width){
if($version < 2)
return;
$d = self::$alignmentPattern[$version][1] - self::$alignmentPattern[$version][0];
if($d < 0) {
$w = 2;
}else {
$w = (int)(($width - self::$alignmentPattern[$version][0]) / $d + 2);
}
if($w * $w - 3 == 1) {
$x = self::$alignmentPattern[$version][0];
$y = self::$alignmentPattern[$version][0];
self::putAlignmentMarker($frame, $x, $y);
return;
}
$cx = self::$alignmentPattern[$version][0];
for($x=1; $x<$w - 1; $x++) {
self::putAlignmentMarker($frame, 6, $cx);
self::putAlignmentMarker($frame, $cx, 6);
$cx += $d;
}
$cy = self::$alignmentPattern[$version][0];
for($y=0; $y<$w-1; $y++) {
$cx = self::$alignmentPattern[$version][0];
for($x=0; $x<$w-1; $x++) {
self::putAlignmentMarker($frame, $cx, $cy);
$cx += $d;
}
$cy += $d;
}
}
public static $versionPattern = array(
0x07c94, 0x085bc, 0x09a99, 0x0a4d3, 0x0bbf6, 0x0c762, 0x0d847, 0x0e60d,
0x0f928, 0x10b78, 0x1145d, 0x12a17, 0x13532, 0x149a6, 0x15683, 0x168c9,
0x177ec, 0x18ec4, 0x191e1, 0x1afab, 0x1b08e, 0x1cc1a, 0x1d33f, 0x1ed75,
0x1f250, 0x209d5, 0x216f0, 0x228ba, 0x2379f, 0x24b0b, 0x2542e, 0x26a64,
0x27541, 0x28c69
);
public static function getVersionPattern($version){
if($version < 7 || $version > QRSPEC_VERSION_MAX)
return 0;
return self::$versionPattern[$version -7];
}
// Format information --------------------------------------------------
// See calcFormatInfo in tests/test_qrspec.c (orginal qrencode c lib)
public static $formatInfo = array(
array(0x77c4, 0x72f3, 0x7daa, 0x789d, 0x662f, 0x6318, 0x6c41, 0x6976),
array(0x5412, 0x5125, 0x5e7c, 0x5b4b, 0x45f9, 0x40ce, 0x4f97, 0x4aa0),
array(0x355f, 0x3068, 0x3f31, 0x3a06, 0x24b4, 0x2183, 0x2eda, 0x2bed),
array(0x1689, 0x13be, 0x1ce7, 0x19d0, 0x0762, 0x0255, 0x0d0c, 0x083b)
);
public static function getFormatInfo($mask, $level){
if($mask < 0 || $mask > 7)
return 0;
if($level < 0 || $level > 3)
return 0;
return self::$formatInfo[$level][$mask];
}
// Frame ---------------------------------------------------------------
// Cache of initial frames.
public static $frames = array();
public static function putFinderPattern(&$frame, $ox, $oy){
$finder = array(
"xc1xc1xc1xc1xc1xc1xc1",
"xc1xc0xc0xc0xc0xc0xc1",
"xc1xc0xc1xc1xc1xc0xc1",
"xc1xc0xc1xc1xc1xc0xc1",
"xc1xc0xc1xc1xc1xc0xc1",
"xc1xc0xc0xc0xc0xc0xc1",
"xc1xc1xc1xc1xc1xc1xc1"
);
for($y=0; $y<7; $y++) {
QRstr::set($frame, $ox, $oy+$y, $finder[$y]);
}
}
public static function createFrame($version){
$width = self::$capacity[$version][QRCAP_WIDTH];
$frameLine = str_repeat ("", $width);
$frame = array_fill(0, $width, $frameLine);
// Finder pattern
self::putFinderPattern($frame, 0, 0);
self::putFinderPattern($frame, $width - 7, 0);
self::putFinderPattern($frame, 0, $width - 7);
// Separator
$yOffset = $width - 7;
for($y=0; $y<7; $y++) {
$frame[$y][7] = "xc0";
$frame[$y][$width - 8] = "xc0";
$frame[$yOffset][7] = "xc0";
$yOffset++;
}
$setPattern = str_repeat("xc0", 8);
QRstr::set($frame, 0, 7, $setPattern);
QRstr::set($frame, $width-8, 7, $setPattern);
QRstr::set($frame, 0, $width - 8, $setPattern);
// Format info
$setPattern = str_repeat("x84", 9);
QRstr::set($frame, 0, 8, $setPattern);
QRstr::set($frame, $width - 8, 8, $setPattern, 8);
$yOffset = $width - 8;
for($y=0; $y<8; $y++,$yOffset++) {
$frame[$y][8] = "x84";
$frame[$yOffset][8] = "x84";
}
// Timing pattern
for($i=1; $i<$width-15; $i++) {
$frame[6][7+$i] = chr(0x90 | ($i & 1));
$frame[7+$i][6] = chr(0x90 | ($i & 1));
}
// Alignment pattern
self::putAlignmentPattern($version, $frame, $width);
// Version information
if($version >= 7) {
$vinf = self::getVersionPattern($version);
$v = $vinf;
for($x=0; $x<6; $x++) {
for($y=0; $y<3; $y++) {
$frame[($width - 11)+$y][$x] = chr(0x88 | ($v & 1));
$v = $v >> 1;
}
}
$v = $vinf;
for($y=0; $y<6; $y++) {
for($x=0; $x<3; $x++) {
$frame[$y][$x+($width - 11)] = chr(0x88 | ($v & 1));
$v = $v >> 1;
}
}
}
// and a little bit...
$frame[$width - 8][8] = "x81";
return $frame;
}
public static function debug($frame, $binary_mode = false){
if ($binary_mode) {
foreach ($frame as &$frameLine) {
$frameLine = join('  ', explode('0', $frameLine));
$frameLine = join('██', explode('1', $frameLine));
}

echo '
<tt><br/ ><br/ ><br/ >        '; <br>echo join("<br/ >        ", $frame); <br>echo '</tt>






';
} else {
foreach ($frame as &$frameLine) {
$frameLine = join(' ', explode("xc0", $frameLine));
$frameLine = join('', explode("xc1", $frameLine));
$frameLine = join(' ', explode("xa0", $frameLine));
$frameLine = join('', explode("xa1", $frameLine));
$frameLine = join('', explode("x84", $frameLine)); //format 0
$frameLine = join('', explode("x85", $frameLine)); //format 1
$frameLine = join('', explode("x81", $frameLine)); //special bit
$frameLine = join(' ', explode("x90", $frameLine)); //clock 0
$frameLine = join('', explode("x91", $frameLine)); //clock 1
$frameLine = join(' ', explode("x88", $frameLine)); //version
$frameLine = join('', explode("x89", $frameLine)); //version
$frameLine = join('♦', explode("x01", $frameLine));
$frameLine = join('⋅', explode("
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How do you parse and process HTML/XML in PHP? How do you parse and process HTML/XML in PHP? Feb 07, 2025 am 11:57 AM

This tutorial demonstrates how to efficiently process XML documents using PHP. XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is a versatile text-based markup language designed for both human readability and machine parsing. It's commonly used for data storage an

PHP Program to Count Vowels in a String PHP Program to Count Vowels in a String Feb 07, 2025 pm 12:12 PM

A string is a sequence of characters, including letters, numbers, and symbols. This tutorial will learn how to calculate the number of vowels in a given string in PHP using different methods. The vowels in English are a, e, i, o, u, and they can be uppercase or lowercase. What is a vowel? Vowels are alphabetic characters that represent a specific pronunciation. There are five vowels in English, including uppercase and lowercase: a, e, i, o, u Example 1 Input: String = "Tutorialspoint" Output: 6 explain The vowels in the string "Tutorialspoint" are u, o, i, a, o, i. There are 6 yuan in total

7 PHP Functions I Regret I Didn't Know Before 7 PHP Functions I Regret I Didn't Know Before Nov 13, 2024 am 09:42 AM

If you are an experienced PHP developer, you might have the feeling that you’ve been there and done that already.You have developed a significant number of applications, debugged millions of lines of code, and tweaked a bunch of scripts to achieve op

Top 10 PHP CMS Platforms For Developers in 2024 Top 10 PHP CMS Platforms For Developers in 2024 Dec 05, 2024 am 10:29 AM

CMS stands for Content Management System. It is a software application or platform that enables users to create, manage, and modify digital content without requiring advanced technical knowledge. CMS allows users to easily create and organize content

Top exchange ranking Top exchange ranking Mar 14, 2025 pm 06:03 PM

Based on eight dimensions of security, liquidity, transaction fees, user experience, currency selection, trading functions, reputation and innovation capabilities, this article deeply analyzes the world's leading cryptocurrency exchanges, and selects the top 3 rankings of Binance, Ouyi and Sesame Open. The ranking takes into account factors such as the exchange's trading volume, trading product diversity, user friendliness, as well as security and regulatory compliance. The article will analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each exchange in detail, and provide selection advice for different types of investors (novice, professional traders, etc.) to help you choose the most suitable cryptocurrency trading platform. Please note that cryptocurrency investment is high in risk. This article is for reference only and does not constitute investment advice.

How to Add Elements to the End of an Array in PHP How to Add Elements to the End of an Array in PHP Feb 07, 2025 am 11:17 AM

Arrays are linear data structures used to process data in programming. Sometimes when we are processing arrays we need to add new elements to the existing array. In this article, we will discuss several ways to add elements to the end of an array in PHP, with code examples, output, and time and space complexity analysis for each method. Here are the different ways to add elements to an array: Use square brackets [] In PHP, the way to add elements to the end of an array is to use square brackets []. This syntax only works in cases where we want to add only a single element. The following is the syntax: $array[] = value; Example

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