What should programming novices pay attention to when learning the underlying operating mechanism and principles of PHP?

LESSEJIAToday I will share with you how to learn the underlying operating mechanism and principles of PHP. PHP is a dynamic language suitable for web development. To be more specific, it is a software framework that uses C language to implement a large number of components. Looking at it in a more narrow sense, it can be considered as a powerful UI framework.

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　 PHP is said to be simple, but it is not an easy thing to master. In addition to being able to use it, we also need to know its underlying working principle.

　 PHP is a dynamic language suitable for web development. To be more specific, it is a software framework that uses C language to implement a large number of components. Looking at it in a more narrow sense, it can be considered as a powerful UI framework.

What is the purpose of understanding the underlying implementation of PHP? To use dynamic language well, you must first understand it. Memory management and framework models are worthy of our reference. Through extended development, we can achieve more powerful functions and optimize the performance of our programs.

　1. PHP design concept and characteristics

Multi-process model: Since PHP is a multi-process model, different requests do not interfere with each other. This ensures that the failure of one request will not affect the overall service. Of course, , with the development of the times, PHP has already supported the multi-threading model.

Weakly typed language: Unlike C/C++, Java, C# and other languages, PHP is a weakly typed language. The type of a variable is not determined at the beginning. It is determined during operation and implicit or explicit type conversion may occur. The flexibility of this mechanism is very convenient and efficient in web development. The details will be discussed in PHP later. Variables are detailed in.

　The engine (Zend) + component (ext) mode reduces internal coupling.

　The middle layer (sapi) isolates the web server and PHP.

　The syntax is simple and flexible, without too many specifications. Shortcomings lead to mixed styles, but no matter how bad a programmer is, he will not write a program that is too outrageous and endangers the overall situation.

　 2. PHP’s four-layer system

The core architecture of PHP is as shown below:

As can be seen from the picture, PHP is a 4-layer system from bottom to top:

Zend engine: Zend is implemented entirely in pure C and is the core part of PHP. It translates PHP code (lexical, syntax analysis and other compilation processes) into executable opcode processing and implements corresponding processing methods. Basic data structures (such as hashtable, oo), memory allocation and management, and providing corresponding api methods for external calls are the core of everything. All peripheral functions are implemented around Zend.

Extensions: Around the Zend engine, extensions provide various basic services in a component-based manner. Our common various built-in functions (such as array series), standard libraries, etc. are all implemented through extensions. Users can also use extensions to You need to implement your own extension to achieve function expansion, performance optimization and other purposes (for example, the PHP middle layer and rich text parsing used by Tieba are typical applications of extension).

　Sapi: The full name of Sapi is Server Application Programming Interface, which is the server application programming interface. Sapi uses a series of hook functions to enable PHP to interact with peripheral data. This is a very elegant and successful design of PHP. It is successful through sapi By decoupling and isolating PHP itself from upper-layer applications, PHP can no longer consider how to be compatible with different applications, and the applications themselves can also implement different processing methods based on their own characteristics.

Upper-layer application: This is the PHP program we usually write. We can obtain various application modes through different sapi methods, such as implementing web applications through webserver, running them in script mode on the command line, etc.

If PHP is a car, then the frame of the car is PHP itself, Zend is the engine of the car, and the various components under Ext are the wheels of the car. Sapi can be regarded as a road, and the car can run on it. Different types of roads, and the execution of a PHP program means that the car is running on the road. Therefore, we need: a high-performance engine + the right wheels + the right track.

　　3. Sapi

As mentioned before, Sapi allows external applications to exchange data with PHP through a series of interfaces and implement specific processing methods according to different application characteristics. Some of our common sapis are ：

Apache2handler: This is the processing method when using apache as the webserver and running in mod_PHP mode. It is also the most widely used one now.

　cgi: This is another direct interaction method between webserver and PHP, which is the famous fastcgi protocol. In recent years, fastcgi+PHP has been used more and more, and it is also the only method supported by asynchronous webserver.

　cli: Application mode for command line calls

　　4. PHP execution process & opcode

　 Let’s first take a look at the process of executing PHP code.

As you can see from the picture, PHP implements a typical dynamic language execution process: after getting a piece of code, after going through stages such as lexical analysis and syntax analysis, the source program will be translated into a instructions (opcodes), and then the ZEND virtual machine executes these instructions in sequence to complete the operation. PHP itself is implemented in C, so the functions ultimately called are all C functions. In fact, we can regard PHP as a software developed in C.

　The core of PHP execution is the translated instructions, that is, opcode.

　Opcode is the most basic unit of PHPprogram execution. An opcode consists of two parameters (op1, op2), return value and processing function. The PHP program is ultimately translated into the sequential execution of a set of opcode processing functions.

Several common processing functions:

1ZEND_ASSIGN_SPEC_CV_CV_HANDLER: variable allocation ($a=$b)

2ZEND_DO_FCALL_BY_NAME_SPEC_HANDLER: function call

　3ZEND_CONCAT_SPEC_CV_CV_HANDLER: String concatenation $a.$b

　4ZEND_ADD_SPEC_CV_CONST_HANDLER: addition operation $a+2

　　5ZEND_IS_EQUAL_SPEC_CV_CONST：Judgment equal $a==1

　　6ZEND_IS_IDENTICAL_SPEC_CV_CONST：Judgment equal $a===1

　5. HashTable — Core data structure

HashTable is the core data structure of zend. In PHP It is used to implement almost all common functions. The PHP array we know is its typical application. In addition, within zend, such as function symbol tables, global variables, etc. are also implemented based on hash tables.

PHP hash table has the following features:

Supports typical key->value query

Can be used as an array

Adding and deleting nodes is O(1) complexity

　Key supports mixed types: there are associative number combination index arrays at the same time

Value supports mixed types: array ("string",2332)

Supports linear traversal: such as foreach

Zend hash table is implemented The typical hash table hash structure also provides the function of forward and reverse traversal of the array by appending a doubly linked list. Its structure is as shown below:

You can see that there are both key->value hash structure and doubly linked list mode in the hash table, making it very convenient to support fast search and Linear traversal.

Hash structure: Zend’s hash structure is a typical hash table model, which resolves conflicts through a linked list. It should be noted that zend's hash table is a self-growing data structure. When the number of hash tables is full, it will dynamically expand by 2 times and reposition elements. The initial size is 8. In addition, when performing key->value fast search, zend itself has also made some optimizations to speed up the process by exchanging space for time. For example, a variable nKeyLength is used in each element to identify the length of the key for quick determination.

　Double linked list: Zend hash table implements linear traversal of elements through a linked list structure. Theoretically, it is enough to use a one-way linked list for traversal. The main purpose of using a doubly linked list is to quickly delete and avoid traversal. Zend hash table is a composite structure. When used as an array, it supports common associative arrays and can also be used as sequential index numbers, and even allows a mixture of the two.

　 PHP associative array: Associative array is a typical hash_table application. A query process goes through the following steps (as can be seen from the code, this is a common hash query process and adds some quick judgments to speed up the search.):

　　01getKeyHashValue h;

　02index = n & nTableMask;

　　03Bucket *p = arBucket[index];

　　04while (p) {

　　05 if ((p->h == h) && (p->nKeyLength == nKeyLength)) {

　　06 RETURN p->data;

　　07 }

　　08 p=p->next;

　　09}

　10RETURN FAL TURE;

　 PHP index array: The index array is our common array, accessed through subscripts. For example, $arr[0], Zend HashTable is internally normalized, and the index type key is also assigned a hash value and nKeyLength (0). The internal member variable nNextFreeElement is the currently assigned maximum id, which is automatically increased by one after each push. It is this normalization process that allows PHP to achieve a mixture of associative and non-associative data. Due to the particularity of the push operation, the order of the index keys in the PHP array is not determined by the size of the subscript, but by the order of the push. For example, $arr[1] = 2; $arr[2] = 3; for double type keys, Zend HashTable will treat them as index keys

　　6. PHP variables

　PHP is a weak type The language itself does not strictly distinguish between variable types. PHP does not need to specify the type when declaring variables. PHP may perform implicit conversions of variable types during program execution. Like other strongly typed languages, explicit type conversion can also be performed in the program. PHP variables can be divided into simple types (int, string, bool), collection types (array resource object) and constants (const). All the above variables have the same structure zval under the hood.

Zval is another very important data structure in zend, used to identify and implement PHP variables. Its data structure is as follows:

Zval is mainly composed of three parts:

Type : Specifies the type of variable (integer, string, array, etc.)

refcount&is_ref: Used to implement reference counting (detailed introduction later)

Value: The core part, which stores the actual data of the variable

　Zvalue is used to save the actual data of a variable. Because multiple types need to be stored, zvalue is a union, thus implementing weak typing.

　The corresponding relationship between PHP variable types and their actual storage is as follows:

　1IS_LONG -> lvalue

　2IS_DOUBLE -> dvalue

　3IS_ARRAY -> h t

　4IS_STRING -> str

　5IS_RESOURCE -> lvalue

　 Reference counting is widely used in memory recycling, string operations, etc. Variables in PHP are a typical application of reference counting. Zval's reference counting is implemented through the member variables is_ref and ref_count. Through reference counting, multiple variables can share the same data. Avoid the heavy consumption caused by frequent copying.

　When performing an assignment operation, zend points the variable to the same zval and ref_count++, and during the unset operation, the corresponding ref_count-1. The destruction operation will only be performed when ref_count is reduced to 0. If it is a reference assignment, zend will modify is_ref to 1.

PHP variables realize variable sharing data through reference counting. What if one of the variable values ​​​​is changed? When trying to write a variable, if Zend finds that the zval pointed to by the variable is shared by multiple variables, it will copy it. copy zval with ref_count of 1, and decrement the refcount of the original zval. This process is called "zval separation". It can be seen that zend only performs copy operations when a write operation occurs, so it is also called copy-on-write. For reference variables, the requirements are opposite to those of non-reference types. It must be bundled. Modifying one variable modifies all bundled variables.

　 Integers and floating point numbers are one of the basic types in PHP and are also a simple variable. For integers and floating point numbers, the corresponding values ​​are stored directly in zvalue. Their types are long and double respectively.

It can be seen from the zvalue structure that for integer types, unlike strongly typed languages ​​such as C, PHP does not distinguish between int, unsigned int, long, long long and other types. For it, there is only one type of integer. The type is long. From this, it can be seen that in PHP, the value range of integers is determined by the number of compiler bits and is not fixed.

For floating point numbers, similar to integers, it does not distinguish between float and double but only double.

In PHP, what should I do if the integer range goes out of bounds? In this case, it will be automatically converted to double type. You must be careful about this, as many tricks are caused by this.

Like integers, character variables are also basic types and simple variables in PHP. It can be seen from the zvalue structure that in PHP, a string is composed of a pointer to the actual data and a length structure, which is similar to the string in C++. Since the length is represented by an actual variable, unlike c, its string can be binary data (including \0). At the same time, in PHP, finding the string length strlen is an O(1) operation.

When adding, modifying, or appending string operations, PHP will reallocate memory to generate new strings. Finally, for security reasons, PHP will still add \0 at the end when generating a string. Common string splicing methods and speed comparison:

Assume there are the following 4 variables: $strA='123 '; $strB = '456'; $intA=123; intB=456;

Now we will compare and explain the following string splicing methods:

1$res = $strA.$ strB and $res = “$strA$strB”

　2 In this case, zend will re-malloc a piece of memory and process it accordingly, and its speed is average

　3$strA = $strA.$strB

　　4 This is the fastest, zend will directly relloc based on the current strA to avoid repeated copies

　　5$res = $intA.$intB

　　6 This kind of speed is slower because it needs When doing implicit format conversion, you should also pay attention to avoid it when actually writing a program

　7$strA = sprintf (“%s%s”,$strA.$strB);

　　8 This will be the slowest way, because sprintf is not a language structure in PHP. It takes a lot of time to recognize and process the format. In addition, the mechanism itself is malloc. However, the sprintf method is the most readable, and in practice it can be chosen flexibly according to specific circumstances.

　 PHP arrays are naturally implemented through Zend HashTable.

How to implement foreach operation? Foreach of an array is completed by traversing the doubly linked list in the hashtable. For index arrays, traversal through foreach is much more efficient than for, eliminating the need to search for key->value. The count operation directly calls HashTable->NumOfElements, O(1) operation. For a string like '123', zend will convert it to its integer form. $arr[‘123’] and $arr[123] are equivalent

Resource type variables are the most complex variables in PHP and are also a composite structure.

　 PHP’s zval can represent a wide range of data types, but it is difficult to fully describe custom data types. Since there is no efficient way to represent these composite structures, there is no way to use traditional operators on them. To solve this problem, you only need to refer to the pointer through an essentially arbitrary identifier (label), which is called a resource.

In zval, for resource, lval is used as a pointer, directly pointing to the address of the resource. Resource can be any composite structure. The familiar mysqli, fsock, memcached, etc. are all resources.

How to use resources:

Registration: For a custom data type, you want to use it as a resource. First, you need to register it, and zend will assign it a globally unique identifier.

　 Obtain a resource variable: For resources, zend maintains an id->hash_tale of actual data. For a resource, only its id is recorded in zval. When fetching, find the specific value in the hash_table through the id and return it.

　 Resource destruction: The data types of resources are diverse. Zend itself has no way to destroy it. Therefore, users need to provide a destruction function when registering resources. When unset resources, zend calls the corresponding function to complete the destruction. Also delete it from the global resource table.

　 A resource can persist for a long time, not just after all variables referencing it go out of scope, but even after a request ends and a new request is generated. These resources are called persistent resources because they persist throughout the life cycle of the SAPI unless specifically destroyed. In many cases, persistent resources can improve performance to a certain extent. For example, in our common mysql_pconnect, persistent resources allocate memory through pemalloc so that they will not be released when the request ends. For zend, there is no distinction between the two per se.

How are local variables and global variables implemented in PHP? For a request, PHP can see two symbol tables (symbol_table and active_symbol_table) at any time, of which the former is used to maintain global variables. The latter is a pointer pointing to the currently active variable symbol table. When the program enters a function, zend will allocate a symbol table x to it and point active_symbol_table to a. In this way, the distinction between global and local variables is achieved.

Obtaining variable values: PHP’s symbol table is implemented through hash_table. Each variable is assigned a unique identifier. When obtaining, the corresponding zval is found from the table and returned according to the identifier.

　 Lesson Master reminds everyone to use global variables in functions that are learning the underlying operating mechanism and principles of PHP: In functions, we can use global variables by explicitly declaring global. Create a reference to the variable with the same name in symbol_table in active_symbol_table. If there is no variable with the same name in symbol_table, it will be created first.