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PHP学习笔记之二 php入门知识_php基础

May 17, 2016 am 09:01 AM
php study notes

PHP学习笔记之二
1. 数组
PHP的数组其实是一个关联数组,或者说是哈希表。PHP不需要预先声明数组的大小,可以用直接赋值的方式来创建数组。例如:
//最传统,用数字做键,赋值
$state[0]="Beijing";
$state[1]="Hebei";
$state[2]="Tianjin";
//如果键是递增的数字,则可以省略
$city[]="Shanghai";
$city[]="Tianjin";
$city[]="Guangzhou";
//用字符串做键
$capital["China"]="Beijing";
$capital["Japan"]="Tokyo";
用array()来创建数组会更加方便一点,可以将数组元素作为array的参数传递给他,也可以用=>运算符创建关联数组。例如:
$p=array(1,3,5,7);
$capital=array(“China”=>”Beijing”, “Japan=>”Tokyo”);
array其实是一种语法结构,而不是函数。和array类似,还有一个list(),它可以用来提取数组中的值,并给多个变量赋值。例如:
list($s,$t)=$city;
echo $s,' ',$t;
输出结果:Shanghai Tianjin
注意,list方法只能用于由数字索引的数组。
PHP内建了一些常用的数组处理函数,具体可以参考手册。常用的函数举例如下,count或者sizeof可以得到数组的长度,array_merge 可以合并两个,或者多个数组,array_push(pop)可以像堆栈一样使用数组。

复制代码 代码如下:

$state[0]="Beijing";
$state[1]="Hebei";
$state[2]="Tianjin";
$city[]="Shanghai";
$city[]="Tianjin";
$city[]="Guangzhou";
$capital["China"]="Beijing";
$capital["Japan"]="Tokyo";
echo count($city),'
';
array_push($capital,"Paris");
$newarray=array_merge($city,$capital);
foreach($newarray as $elem)
echo $elem.'
';
?>

输出结果为:
3
Shanghai
Tianjin
Guangzhou
Beijing
Tokyo
Paris
2. 类和对象
PHP5开始对面向对象编程有了很好的支持。PHP中的类的概念和其他面向对象的语言比如C#是十分相似的,它也是一个值和方法的聚合体,使用class关键字定义。例如:
复制代码 代码如下:

class AuthUser {
protected $userName;
protected $password;
public function __construct($userName,$password) {
$this->userName=$userName;
$this->password=$password;
}
public function GetUserName() {
return $userName;
}
public function ChangePassword($old,$new) {
if($this->password==$old) {
$this->password=$new;
return true;
}else
return false;
}
public function Login($password) {
return $this->password==$password;
}
public static function CreateUser($userName,$password) {
$user=new AuthUser($userName,$password);
return $user;
}
}
$user=AuthUser::CreateUser("Admin","123");
echo $user->GetUserName();
if($user->ChangePassword('abc', 'new'))
echo 'ChangePassword success';
else
echo 'Change Password fail';
$user->ChangePassword("123", "321");
if($user->Login("321"))
echo "Login";
else
echo "Login fail";
?>

上面是一个虽然没有什么用但是语法结构上较为完整的类。首先使用class关键字定义类的名字,内部可以定义字段和方法。字段和方法的修饰词可以是private,protected,public 和 final(仅方法有)。其含义和其它语言一致。不再赘述。不同的地方在于,PHP不支持函数的重载。另外,PHP5的构造函数的定义是__construct,注意前缀是两个下划线。PHP4的构造函数的定义和其它语言一致,是和类名一样的函数,PHP5也兼容这种写法。PHP5还支持析构函数,名字是__destruct。在函数内部,可以使用$this变量来获得当前对象的引用。 PHP也支持静态函数,同样是使用static关键字修饰。示例中最后一个函数就静态函数。静态函数不能通过类的实例引用。
类的定义下面是使用类的代码示例,PHP也是通过new关键字来实例化一个类。通过->运算符来引用对象的方法。注意其静态类的引用方法是::,这是和C++一致的。
下面再简单介绍下类的继承。PHP中使用extends关键字来实现类的继承,这是和Java一致的:
复制代码 代码如下:

class BaseClass {
function __construct() {
print "In BaseClass constructor\n";
}
}
class SubClass extends BaseClass {
function __construct() {
parent::__construct();
print "In SubClass constructor\n";
}
}
$obj = new BaseClass();
$obj = new SubClass();
?>

输出的结果是: In BaseClass constructor In BaseClass constructor In SubClass constructor
要注意,PHP的子类的构造函数不会自动调用父类的构造函数,必须在程序中显式地调用。使用parent关键字可以得到父类的引用。另外,由于PHP本身是弱类型的,所以“多态“的概念也不存在了,实际上,它永远都是多态的。
接口
接口定义了一组方法,但不实现他们。其语法为:
interface IInterfaceName
{
//常量、函数定义
}类利用implements关键字来表面实现某个接口,这和Java是一致的。
复制代码 代码如下:

interface IAddable{
function Add($something);
}
class AddClass implements IAddable
{
private $data;
function AddClass($num){
$data=$num;
}
public function Add($something)
{
$data+=$something;
return $data;
}
}
$a=new AddClass (5);
echo $a instanceof IAddable;
echo $a->Add(10);
?>

其中 instanceof关键字是PHP5新增的,用来判断一个对象是不是某个类的实例,或者它的类型是不撒实现了某个接口。
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