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Detailed introduction to Python max built-in functions

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Dec 05, 2016 pm 01:27 PM

python

Python max内置函数

max(iterable, *[, key, default])

max(arg1, arg2, *args[, key])

Return the largest item in an iterable or the largest of two or more arguments.

If one positional argument is provided, it should be an iterable. The largest item in the iterable is returned. If two or more positional arguments are provided, the largest of the positional arguments is returned.

There are two optional keyword-only arguments. The key argument specifies a one-argument ordering function like that used for list.sort(). The default argument specifies an object to return if the provided iterable is empty. If the iterable is empty and default is not provided, a ValueError is raised.

If multiple items are maximal, the function returns the first one encountered. This is consistent with other sort-stability preserving tools such as sorted(iterable, key=keyfunc, reverse=True)[0] and heapq.nlargest(1, iterable, key=keyfunc).

说明：

　　1. 函数功能为取传入的多个参数中的最大值，或者传入的可迭代对象元素中的最大值。默认数值型参数，取值大者；字符型参数，取字母表排序靠后者。还可以传入命名参数key，其为一个函数，用来指定取最大值的方法。default命名参数用来指定最大值不存在时返回的默认值。

　　2. 函数至少传入两个参数，但是有只传入一个参数的例外，此时参数必须为可迭代对象，返回的是可迭代对象中的最大元素。

>>> max(1) # 传入1个参数报错
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<pyshell#0>", line 1, in <module>
  max(1)
TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable
>>> max(1,2) # 传入2个参数 取2个中较大者
2
>>> max(1,2,3) # 传入3个参数 取3个中较大者
3
>>> max('1234') # 传入1个可迭代对象，取其最大元素值
'4'

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　　3. 当传入参数为数据类型不一致时，传入的所有参数将进行隐式数据类型转换后再比较，如果不能进行隐式数据类型转换，则会报错。

>>> max(1,1.1,1.3E1) # 整数与浮点数可取最大值
13.0
>>> max(1,2,3,'3') # 数值与字符串不能取最大值
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<pyshell#5>", line 1, in <module>
  max(1,2,3,'3')
TypeError: unorderable types: str() > int()
 
>>> max([1,2],[1,3]) # 列表与列表可取最大值
[1, 3]
>>> max([1,2],(1,3)) # 列表与元组不能取最大值
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<pyshell#7>", line 1, in <module>
  max([1,2],(1,3))
TypeError: unorderable types: tuple() > list()

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　　4. 当存在多个相同的最大值时，返回的是最先出现的那个最大值。

#定义a、b、c 3个列表
>>> a = [1,2]
>>> b = [1,1]
>>> c = [1,2]
 
#查看a、b、c 的id
>>> id(a)
68128320
>>> id(b)
68128680
>>> id(c)
68128240
 
#取最大值
>>> d = max(a,b,c)
>>> id(d)
68128320
 
#验证是否最大值是否是a
>>> id(a) == id(d)
True

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　　5. 默认数值型参数，取值大者；字符型参数，取字母表排序靠后者；序列型参数，则依次按索引位置的值进行比较取最大者。还可以通过传入命名参数key，指定取最大值方法。

>>> max(1,2) # 取数值大者
2
>>> max('a','b') # 取排序靠后者
'b'
>>> max('ab','ac','ad') # 依次按索引比较取较大者
'ad'
 
>>> max(-1,0) # 数值默认去数值较大者
0
>>> max(-1,0,key = abs) # 传入了求绝对值函数，则参数都会进行求绝对值后再取较大者
-1

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　　6. key参数的另外一个作用是，不同类型对象本来不能比较取最大值的，传入适当的key函数，变得可以比较能取最大值了。

>>> max(1,2,'3') #数值和字符串不能取最大值
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<pyshell#21>", line 1, in <module>
  max(1,2,'3')
TypeError: unorderable types: str() > int() 
>>> max(1,2,'3',key = int) # 指定key为转换函数后，可以取最大值
'3'
 
>>> max((1,2),[1,1]) #元组和列表不能取最大值
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<pyshell#24>", line 1, in <module>
  max((1,2),[1,1])
TypeError: unorderable types: list() > tuple()
>>> max((1,2),[1,1],key = lambda x : x[1]) #指定key为返回序列索引1位置的元素后，可以取最大值
(1, 2)
复制代码
　　

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7. 当只传入的一个可迭代对象时，而且可迭代对象为空，则必须指定命名参数default，用来指定最大值不存在时，函数返回的默认值。

>>> max(()) #空可迭代对象不能取最大值
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<pyshell#26>", line 1, in <module>
  max(())
ValueError: max() arg is an empty sequence
>>> max((),default=0) #空可迭代对象，指定default参数为默认值
0
>>> max((),0) #默认值必须使用命名参数进行传参，否则将被认为是一个比较的元素
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<pyshell#27>", line 1, in <module>
  max((),0)
TypeError: unorderable types: int() > tuple()

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