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Linux awk command

高洛峰
Release: 2016-12-15 10:18:29
Original
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AWK是一种处理文本文件的语言,是一个强大的文本分析工具。

之所以叫AWK是因为其取了三位创始人 Alfred Aho,Peter Weinberger, 和 Brian Kernighan 的Family Name的首字符。

语法

awk [选项参数] 'script' var=value file(s)
或
awk [选项参数] -f scriptfile var=value file(s)
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选项参数说明:

-F fs or --field-separator fs
指定输入文件折分隔符,fs是一个字符串或者是一个正则表达式,如-F:。

-v var=value or --asign var=value
赋值一个用户定义变量。

-f scripfile or --file scriptfile
从脚本文件中读取awk命令。

-mf nnn and -mr nnn
对nnn值设置内在限制,-mf选项限制分配给nnn的最大块数目;-mr选项限制记录的最大数目。这两个功能是Bell实验室版awk的扩展功能,在标准awk中不适用。

-W compact or --compat, -W traditional or --traditional
在兼容模式下运行awk。所以gawk的行为和标准的awk完全一样,所有的awk扩展都被忽略。

-W copyleft or --copyleft, -W copyright or --copyright
打印简短的版权信息。

-W help or --help, -W usage or --usage
打印全部awk选项和每个选项的简短说明。

-W lint or --lint
打印不能向传统unix平台移植的结构的警告。

-W lint-old or --lint-old
打印关于不能向传统unix平台移植的结构的警告。

-W posix
打开兼容模式。但有以下限制,不识别:/x、函数关键字、func、换码序列以及当fs是一个空格时,将新行作为一个域分隔符;操作符**和**=不能代替^和^=;fflush无效。

-W re-interval or --re-inerval
允许间隔正则表达式的使用,参考(grep中的Posix字符类),如括号表达式[[:alpha:]]。

-W source program-text or --source program-text
使用program-text作为源代码,可与-f命令混用。

-W version or --version
打印bug报告信息的版本。

基本用法

log.txt文本内容如下:

2 this is a test
3 Are you like awk
This's a test
10 There are orange,apple,mongo
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用法一:

awk '{[pattern] action}' {filenames}   # 行匹配语句 awk '' 只能用单引号
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实例:

# 每行按空格或TAB分割,输出文本中的1、4项
 $ awk '{print $1,$4}' log.txt ---------------------------------------------
 2 a 3 like This's
 10 orange,apple,mongo
 # 格式化输出
 $ awk '{printf "%-8s %-10s\n",$1,$4}' log.txt
 ---------------------------------------------
 2        a
 3        like
 This's 10       orange,apple,mongo
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用法二:

awk -F  #-F相当于内置变量FS, 指定分割字符
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实例:

# 使用","分割
 $  awk -F, '{print $1,$2}'   log.txt
 ---------------------------------------------
 2 this is a test
 3 Are you like awk
 This's a test
 10 There are orange apple
 # 或者使用Linux awk command
 $ awk 'BEGIN{FS=","} {print $1,$2}'     log.txt
 ---------------------------------------------
 2 this is a test
 3 Are you like awk
 This's a test
 10 There are orange apple
 # 使用多个分隔符.先使用空格分割,然后对分割结果再使用","分割
 $ awk -F '[ ,]'  '{print $1,$2,$5}'   log.txt
 ---------------------------------------------
 2 this test
 3 Are awk
 This's a
 10 There apple
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用法三:

awk -v  # 设置变量
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实例:

 $ awk -va=1 '{print $1,$1+a}' log.txt
 ---------------------------------------------
 2 3
 3 4
 This's 1
 10 11
 $ awk -va=1 -vb=s '{print $1,$1+a,$1b}' log.txt
 ---------------------------------------------
 2 3 2s
 3 4 3s
 This's 1 This'ss
 10 11 10s
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用法四:

awk -f {awk脚本} {文件名}
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实例:

$ awk -f cal.awk log.txt
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Linux awk command

Linux awk command

过滤第一列大于2的行

$ awk '$1>2' log.txt    #命令
#输出
3 Are you like awk
This's a test
10 There are orange,apple,mongo
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过滤第一列等于2的行

$ awk '$1==2 {print $1,$3}' log.txt    #命令
#输出
2 is
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过滤第一列大于2并且第二列等于'Are'的行

$ awk '$1>2 && $2=="Are" {print $1,$2,$3}' log.txt    #命令
#输出
3 Are you
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Linux awk command

Linux awk command

$ awk 'BEGIN{printf "%4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s\n","FILENAME","ARGC","FNR","FS","NF","NR","OFS","ORS","RS";printf "---------------------------------------------\n"} {printf "%4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s\n",FILENAME,ARGC,FNR,FS,NF,NR,OFS,ORS,RS}'  log.txt
FILENAME ARGC  FNR   FS   NF   NR  OFS  ORS   RS
---------------------------------------------
log.txt    2    1         5    1
log.txt    2    2         5    2
log.txt    2    3         3    3
log.txt    2    4         4    4
$ awk -F\' 'BEGIN{printf "%4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s\n","FILENAME","ARGC","FNR","FS","NF","NR","OFS","ORS","RS";printf "---------------------------------------------\n"} {printf "%4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s %4s\n",FILENAME,ARGC,FNR,FS,NF,NR,OFS,ORS,RS}'  log.txt
FILENAME ARGC  FNR   FS   NF   NR  OFS  ORS   RS
---------------------------------------------
log.txt    2    1    '    1    1
log.txt    2    2    '    1    2
log.txt    2    3    '    2    3
log.txt    2    4    '    1    4
# 输出顺序号 NR, 匹配文本行号
$ awk '{print NR,FNR,$1,$2,$3}' log.txt
---------------------------------------------
1 1 2 this is
2 2 3 Are you
3 3 This's a test
4 4 10 There are
# 指定输出分割符
$  awk '{print $1,$2,$5}' OFS=" $ "  log.txt
---------------------------------------------
2 $ this $ test
3 $ Are $ awk
This's $ a $
10 $ There $
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使用正则,字符串匹配

# 输出第二列包含 "th",并打印第二列与第四列
$ awk '$2 ~ /th/ {print $2,$4}' log.txt
---------------------------------------------
this a
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~ 表示模式开始。// 中是模式。

# 输出包含"re" 的行
$ awk '/re/ ' log.txt
---------------------------------------------
3 Are you like awk
10 There are orange,apple,mongo
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忽略大小写

$ awk 'BEGIN{IGNORECASE=1} /this/' log.txt
---------------------------------------------
2 this is a test
This's a test
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模式取反

$ awk '$2 !~ /th/ {print $2,$4}' log.txt
---------------------------------------------
Are like
a
There orange,apple,mongo
$ awk '!/th/ {print $2,$4}' log.txt
---------------------------------------------
Are like
a
There orange,apple,mongo
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awk脚本

关于awk脚本,我们需要注意两个关键词BEGIN和END。

BEGIN{ 这里面放的是执行前的语句 }

END {这里面放的是处理完所有的行后要执行的语句 }

{这里面放的是处理每一行时要执行的语句}

假设有这么一个文件(学生成绩表):

$ cat score.txt
Marry   2143 78 84 77
Jack    2321 66 78 45
Tom     2122 48 77 71
Mike    2537 87 97 95
Bob     2415 40 57 62
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我们的awk脚本如下:

$ cat cal.awk
#!/bin/awk -f
#运行前
BEGIN {
    math = 0
    english = 0
    computer = 0
 
    printf "NAME    NO.   MATH  ENGLISH  COMPUTER   TOTAL\n"
    printf "---------------------------------------------\n"
}
#运行中
{
    math+=$3
    english+=$4
    computer+=$5
    printf "%-6s %-6s %4d %8d %8d %8d\n", $1, $2, $3,$4,$5, $3+$4+$5
}
#运行后
END {
    printf "---------------------------------------------\n"
    printf "  TOTAL:%10d %8d %8d \n", math, english, computer
    printf "AVERAGE:%10.2f %8.2f %8.2f\n", math/NR, english/NR, computer/NR
}
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我们来看一下执行结果:

$ awk -f cal.awk score.txt
NAME    NO.   MATH  ENGLISH  COMPUTER   TOTAL
---------------------------------------------
Marry  2143     78       84       77      239
Jack   2321     66       78       45      189
Tom    2122     48       77       71      196
Mike   2537     87       97       95      279
Bob    2415     40       57       62      159
---------------------------------------------
  TOTAL:       319      393      350
AVERAGE:     63.80    78.60    70.00
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另外一些实例

AWK的hello world程序为:

BEGIN { print "Hello, world!" }
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计算文件大小

$ ls -l *.txt | awk '{sum+=$6} END {print sum}'
--------------------------------------------------
666581
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从文件中找出长度大于80的行

awk 'lenght>80' log.txt
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打印九九乘法表

seq 9 | sed &#39;H;g&#39; | awk -v RS=&#39;&#39; &#39;{for(i=1;i<=NF;i++)printf("%dx%d=%d%s", i, NR, i*NR, i==NR?"\n":"\t")}&#39;
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