


Detailed introduction to string formatting str.format in Python
Preface
Python has added a new string formatting method in version 2.6: str.format()
. Its basic syntax is to replace the previous %. with {} and :.
Placeholder syntax when formatting:
replacement_field ::= "{" [field_name] ["!" conversion] [":" format_spec] "}"
"Mapping" rules
By position
str.format()
Can accept unlimited parameters, and the positions can be out of order:
>>> "{0} {1}".format("hello", "world") 'hello world' >>> "{} {}".format("hello", "world") 'hello world' >>> "{1} {0} {1}".format("hello", "world") 'world hello world'
By keyword parameters
When using key parameters, the parameter name needs to be provided in the string:
>>> "I am {name}, age is {age}".format(name="huoty", age=18) 'I am huoty, age is 18' >>> user = {"name": "huoty", "age": 18} >>> "I am {name}, age is {age}".format(**user) 'I am huoty, age is 18'
Through object properties
str.format()
User properties can be read directly:
>>> class User(object): ... def __init__(self, name, age): ... self.name = name ... self.age = age ... ... def __str__(self): ... return "{self.name}({self.age})".format(self=self) ... ... def __repr__(self): ... return self.__str__() ... ... >>> user = User("huoty", 18) >>> user huoty(18) >>> "I am {user.name}, age is {user.age}".format(user=user) 'I am huoty, age is 18'
By subscript
Elements can be accessed by subscripts inside the string that needs to be formatted:
>>> names, ages = ["huoty", "esenich", "anan"], [18, 16, 8] >>> "I am {0[0]}, age is {1[2]}".format(names, ages) 'I am huoty, age is 8' >>> users = {"names": ["huoty", "esenich", "anan"], "ages": [18, 16, 8]} >>> "I am {names[0]}, age is {ages[0]}".format(**users)
Specify conversion
You can specify the conversion type of string:
conversion ::= "r" | "s" | "a"
Where "!r" corresponds to repr(); "!s" corresponds to str(); "!a" corresponds to ascii(). Example:
>>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"
Format Qualifier
Padding and Alignment
Padding is often used together with alignment. ^, <, > are respectively centered, left-aligned, and right-aligned, followed by width, and the character followed by : can only be one character. If not specified, it will be filled with spaces by default.
>>> "{:>8}".format("181716") ' 181716' >>> "{:0>8}".format("181716") '00181716' >>> "{:->8}".format("181716") '--181716' >>> "{:-<8}".format("181716") '181716--' >>> "{:-^8}".format("181716") '-181716-' >>> "{:-<25}>".format("Here ") 'Here -------------------->'
Floating point precision
Use f to represent the floating point type, and you can add precision control in front of it :
>>> "[ {:.2f} ]".format(321.33345) '[ 321.33 ]' >>> "[ {:.1f} ]".format(321.33345) '[ 321.3 ]' >>> "[ {:.4f} ]".format(321.33345) '[ 321.3335 ]' >>> "[ {:.4f} ]".format(321) '[ 321.0000 ]'
You can also specify a symbol for floating point numbers, + means + will be displayed before positive numbers, and - will be displayed before negative numbers; (space) means before positive numbers Adding a space and adding -;- before a negative number is consistent with adding nothing ({:f}):
>>> '{:+f}; {:+f}'.format(3.141592657, -3.141592657) '+3.141593; -3.141593' >>> '{: f}; {: f}'.format(3.141592657, -3.141592657) ' 3.141593; -3.141593' >>> '{:f}; {:f}'.format(3.141592657, -3.141592657) '3.141593; -3.141593' >>> '{:-f}; {:-f}'.format(3.141592657, -3.141592657) '3.141593; -3.141593' >>> '{:+.4f}; {:+.4f}'.format(3.141592657, -3.141592657) '+3.1416; -3.1416'
Specify the base system
>>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:x}; oct: {0:o}; bin: {0:b}".format(18) 'int: 18; hex: 12; oct: 22; bin: 10010' >>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:#x}; oct: {0:#o}; bin: {0:#b}".format(18) 'int: 18; hex: 0x12; oct: 0o22; bin: 0b10010'
Thousand separator
You can use "," as the thousands separator:
>>> '{:,}'.format(1234567890) '1,234,567,890'
Percent display
>>> "progress: {:.2%}".format(19.88/22) 'progress: 90.36%'
In fact, format Also supports more type symbols:
type ::= "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "E" | "f" | "F" | "g" | "G" | "n" | "o" | "s" | "x" | "X" | "%"
Other tips
Placeholder nesting
Sometimes placeholder nesting is still useful:
>>> '{0:{fill}{align}16}'.format("hello", fill='*', align='^') '*****hello******' >>> >>> for num in range(5,12): ... for base in "dXob": ... print("{0:{width}{base}}".format(num, base=base, width=5), end=' ') ... print() ... ... 5 5 5 101 6 6 6 110 7 7 7 111 8 8 10 1000 9 9 11 1001 10 A 12 1010 11 B 13 1011
As When using the function
, you can not specify the format parameters first, but call it as a function in an unnecessary place:
>>> email_f = "Your email address was {email}".format >>> print(email_f(email="suodhuoty@gmail.com")) Your email address was sudohuoty@gmail.com
Escape braces
When you need to use braces in a string, you can use braces to escape:
>>> " The {} set is often represented as { {0} } ".format("empty") ' The empty set is often represented as {0} '
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