


Teach you a detailed explanation of how to get started with JavaScript in 10 minutes
With the failure of the company’s internal technology sharing (JS advanced) vote, I will first translate a good JS introductory blog post to facilitate children who don’t know much about JS to quickly learn and master this magical language. .
Introduction
JavaScript is an object-oriented dynamic language. It is generally used to handle the following tasks:
Modify web pages
Generate HTML and CSS
Generate dynamic HTML content
Generate some special effects
Provide user interaction interface
Generate user interaction components
Verify user input
Autofill form
Front-end application that can read local or remote data, such as http://www.php.cn /
Implement server-side programs like JAVA, C#, C++ through Nodejs
Implement distributed WEB programs, including front-end and server-side
The version of JavaScript currently supported by browsers is called "ECMAScript 5.1", or simply "ES5", but the next two versions are called "ES6" and "ES7" (or "ES2015" and "ES2016", as the new version is named after this year), which has a lot of additional features and improved syntax, is very worth looking forward to (and has been partially adopted by current browsers and back-end JS environmental support).
This blog post is quoted from the book "Building Front-End Web Apps with Plain JavaScript".
JavaScript types and constants
JS has three value types: string, number and boolean. We can use a variable v to save different types of values for comparison with typeof(v), typeof (v)===”number”.
JS has 5 reference types: Object, Array, Function, Date and RegExp. Arrays, functions, dates, and regular expressions are special types of objects, but conceptually, dates and regular expressions are value types that are packaged into object form.
Variables, arrays, function parameters and return values do not need to be declared. They are usually not checked by the JavaScript engine and will be automatically type converted.
The variable value may be:
Data, such as string, number, boolean
Reference of object: such as ordinary object , array, function, date, regular expression
The special value null, which is often used as the default value for initialized object variables
The special value undefined, the initial value that has been declared but not initialized
string is a sequence of Unicode characters. String constants will be wrapped in single or double quotes, such as "Hello World!", "A3F0′, or the empty string "". Two string expressions can be connected using the + operator and Can be compared by equals:
if (firstName + lastName === "James Bond")
The number of characters in the string can be obtained through the length attribute:
console.log( "Hello world!".length); // 12
All numeric values are in 64-bit floating point numbers words. There is no clear type distinction between integers and floating point numbers. If a numeric constant is not a number, its value can be set to NaN ("not a number"), which can be determined using the isNaN method.
Unfortunately. Yes, there was no Number.isInteger method until ES6, which was used to test whether a number is an integer. Therefore, in browsers that do not yet support it, to ensure that a numeric value is an integer, or a string of numbers is converted to For an integer, you must use the parseInt function. Similarly, a string containing decimals can be converted with the parseFloat method. The best way is to use String(n). Like Java, we also have two predefined Boolean values, true and false, and Boolean operator symbols: ! (not), && (and), || (or) when non-boolean values and boolean values. When comparing, non-boolean values will be converted implicitly. Empty strings, numbers 0, and undefined and null will be converted to false, and all other values will be converted to true.
Usually we need to use all. equal signs (=== and !==) instead of == and ! =. Otherwise, the number 2 is equal to the string "2", (2 == "2″) is true
Both VAR= [] and var a = new Array() can define an empty array (Erhu: the former is recommended)
VAR O ={} and var o = new Obejct() can both define an empty object. (Erhu: The former is still recommended). Note that an empty object {} is not really empty because it contains the Object.prototype inherited property. Therefore, a real empty object must be prototyped with Null, var o = Object.create. (null).
Table 1 Type testing and conversion
##Variable scope
function foo() {
for (var i=0; i < 10; i++) {
... // do something with i
}
}
Copy after login
We should write like thisfunction foo() { for (var i=0; i < 10; i++) { ... // do something with i } }
function foo() { var i=0; for (i=0; i < 10; i++) { ... // do something with i } }
严格模式
从ES5开始,我们可以使用严格模式,获得更多的运行时错误检查。例如,在严格模式下,所有变量都必须进行声明。给未声明的变量赋值抛出异常。
我们可以通过键入下面的语句作为一个JavaScript文件或script元素中的第一行开启严格模式:’use strict’;
通常建议您使用严格模式,除非你的代码依赖于与严格的模式不兼容的库。
不同类型的对象
JS对象与传统的OO/UML对象不同。它们可以不通过类实例化而来。它们有属性、方法、键值对三种扩展。
JS对象可以直接通过JSON产生,而不用实例化一个类。
var person1 = { lastName:"Smith", firstName:"Tom"}; var o1 = Object.create( null); // an empty object with no slots
对象属性可以以两种方式获得:
使用点符号(如在C ++/ Java的):person1.lastName = “Smith”
使用MAP方式person1["lastName"] = “Smith”
JS对象有不同的使用方式。这里有五个例子:
记录,例如,var myRecord = {firstName:”Tom”, lastName:”Smith”, age:26}
MAP(也称为“关联数组”,“词典”或其他语言的“哈希表”)var numeral2number = {“one”:”1″, “two”:”2″, “three”:”3″}
非类型化对象
var person1 = { lastName: "Smith", firstName: "Tom", getFullName: function () { return this.firstName +" "+ this.lastName; } };
Copy after login命名空间
var myApp = { model:{}, view:{}, ctrl:{} };
Copy after login
可以由一个全局变量形式来定义,它的名称代表一个命名空间前缀。例如,上面的对象变量提供了基于模型 – 视图 – 控制器(MVC)架构模式,我们有相应的MVC应用程序的三个部分。
正常的类
数组
可以用一个JavaScript数组文本进行初始化变量:
var a = [1,2,3];
因为它们是数组列表,JS数组可动态增长:我们可以使用比数组的长度更大的索引。例如,上面的数组变量初始化后,数组长度为3,但我们仍然可以操作第5个元素 a[4] = 7;
我们可以通过数组的length属性得到数组长度:
for (i=0; i < a.length; i++) { console.log(a[i]);} //1 2 3 undefined 7 `
我们可以通过 Array.isArray(a) 来检测一个变量是不是数组。
通过push方法给数组追加元素:a.push( newElement);
通过splice方法,删除指定位置的元素:a.splice( i, 1);
通过indexOf查找数组,返回位置或者-1:if (a.indexOf(v) > -1) …
通过for或者forEach(性能弱)遍历数组:
var i=0; for (i=0; i < a.length; i++) { console.log( a[i]); } a.forEach(function (elem) { console.log( elem); })
通过slice复制数组:var clone = a.slice(0);
Maps
map(也称为“散列映射”或“关联数组’)提供了从键及其相关值的映射。一个JS map的键是可以包含空格的字符串:
var myTranslation = { "my house": "mein Haus", "my boat": "mein Boot", "my horse": "mein Pferd" }
通过Object.keys(m)可以获得map中所有的键:
var i=0, key="", keys=[]; keys = Object.keys( myTranslation); for (i=0; i < keys.length; i++) { key = keys[i]; alert('The translation of '+ key +' is '+ myTranslation[key]); }
通过直接给不存在的键赋值来新增元素:
myTranslation["my car"] = "mein Auto";
通过delete删除元素:
delete myTranslation["my boat"];
通过in搜索map:
`if ("my bike" in myTranslation) ...`
通过for或者forEach(性能弱)和Object.keys()遍历map:
var i=0, key="", keys=[]; keys = Object.keys( m); for (i=0; i < keys.length; i++) { key = keys[i]; console.log( m[key]); } Object.keys( m).forEach( function (key) { console.log( m[key]); })
通过 JSON.stringify 将map序列化为JSON字符串,再JSON.parse将其反序列化为MAP对象 来实现复制:
var clone = JSON.parse( JSON.stringify( m))
请注意,如果map上只包含简单数据类型或(可能嵌套)数组/map,这种方法效果很好。在其他情况下,如果map包含Date对象,我们必须写我们自己的clone方法。
Functions
JS函数是特殊的JS的对象,它具有一个可选的名字属性和一个长度属性(参数的数目)。我们可以这样知道一个变量是不是一个函数:
if (typeof( v) === "function") {...}
JS函数可以保存在变量里、被当作参数传给其他函数,也可以被其他函数作为返回值返回。JS可以被看成一个函数式语言,函数在里面可以说是一等公民。
正常的定义函数方法是用一个函数表达式给一个变量赋值:
var myFunction = function theNameOfMyFunction () {...} function theNameOfMyFunction () {...}
其中函数名(theNameOfMyFunction)是可选的。如果省略它,其就是一个匿名函数。函数可以通过引用其的变量调用。在上述情况下,这意味着该函数通过myFunction()被调用,而不是通过theNameOfMyFunction()调用。
JS函数,可以嵌套内部函数。闭包机制允许在函数外部访问函数内部变量,并且创建闭包的函数会记住它们。
当执行一个函数时,我们可以通过使用内置的arguments参数,它类似一个参数数组,我们可以遍历它们,但由于它不是常规数组,forEach无法遍历它。arguments参数包含所有传递给函数的参数。我们可以这样定义一个不带参数的函数,并用任意数量的参数调用它,就像这样:
var sum = function () { var result = 0, i=0; for (i=0; i < arguments.length; i++) { result = result + arguments[i]; } return result; }; console.log( sum(0,1,1,2,3,5,8)); // 20
prototype原型链可以访问函数中的每一个元素,如Array.prototype.forEach(其中Array代表原型链中的数组的构造函数)。
var numbers = [1,2,3]; // create an instance of Array numbers.forEach( function (n) { console.log( n); });
我们还可以通过原型链中的prototype.call方法来处理:
var sum = function () { var result = 0; Array.prototype.forEach.call( arguments, function (n) { result = result + n; }); return result; };
Function.prototype.apply是Function.prototype.call的一个变种,其只能接受一个参数数组。
立即调用的JS函数表达式优于使用纯命名对象,它可以获得一个命名空间对象,并可以控制其变量和方法哪些可以外部访问,哪些不是。这种机制也是JS模块概念的基础。在下面的例子中,我们定义了一个应用程序,它对外暴露了指定的元素和方法:
myApp.model = function () { var appName = "My app's name"; var someNonExposedVariable = ...; function ModelClass1 () {...} function ModelClass2 () {...} function someNonExposedMethod (...) {...} return { appName: appName, ModelClass1: ModelClass1, ModelClass2: ModelClass2 } }(); // immediately invoked
这种模式在WebPlatform.org被当作最佳实践提及:http://www.php.cn/
定义和使用类
类是在面向对象编程的基础概念。对象由类实例化而来。一个类定义了与它创建的对象的属性和方法。
目前在JavaScript中没有明确的类的概念。JavaScript中定义类有很多不同的模式被提出,并在不同的框架中被使用。用于定义类的两个最常用的方法是:
构造函数法,它通过原型链方法来实现继承,通过new创建新对象。这是Mozilla的JavaScript指南中推荐的经典方法。
工厂方法:使用预定义的Object.create方法创建类的新实例。在这种方法中,基于构造函数继承必须通过另一种机制来代替。
当构建一个应用程序时,我们可以使用这两种方法创建类,这取决于应用程序的需求 。mODELcLASSjs是一个比较成熟的库用来实现工厂方法,它有许多优点。(基于构造的方法有一定的性能优势)
ES6中构造函数法创建类
在ES6,用于定义基于构造函数的类的语法已推出(新的关键字类的构造函数,静态类和超类)。这种新的语法可以在三个步骤定义一个简单的类。
基类Person 定义了两个属性firstName 和lastName,以及实例方法toString和静态方法checkLastName:
class Person { constructor( first, last) { this.firstName = first; this.lastName = last; } toString() { return this.firstName + " " + this.lastName; } static checkLastName( ln) { if (typeof(ln)!=="string" || ln.trim()==="") { console.log("Error: " + "invalid last name!"); } } }
类的静态属性如下定义:
Person.instances = {};
一个子类定义的附加属性和可能会覆盖超类的方法:
class Student extends Person { constructor( first, last, studNo) { super.constructor( first, last); this.studNo = studNo; } // method overrides superclass method toString() { return super.toString() + "(" + this.studNo +")"; } }
ES5中构造函数法创建类
在ES5,我们可以以构造函数的形式定义一个基于构造函数的类结构,下面是Mozilla的JavaScript指南中推荐的编码模式。此模式需要七个步骤来定义一个简单的类结构。由于这种复杂的模式可能很难记住,我们可能需要使用cLASSjs之类的库来帮助我们。
首先定义构造函数是隐式创建一个新的对象,并赋予它相应的值:
function Person( first, last) { this.firstName = first; this.lastName = last; }
这里的this指向新创建的对象。
在原型中定义实例方法:
Person.prototype.toString = function () { return this.firstName + " " + this.lastName; }
可以在构造函数中定义静态方法,也可以用.直接定义:
Person.checkLastName = function (ln) { if (typeof(ln)!=="string" || ln.trim()==="") { console.log("Error: invalid last name!"); } }
定义静态属性:
Person.instances = {};
定义子类并增加属性:
function Student( first, last, studNo) { // invoke superclass constructor Person.call( this, first, last); // define and assign additional properties this.studNo = studNo; }
通过Person.call( this, …) 来调用基类的构造函数。
将子类的原型链改为基类的原型链,以实现实例方法的继承(构造函数得改回来):
// Student inherits from Person Student.prototype = Object.create( Person.prototype); // adjust the subtype's constructor property Student.prototype.constructor = Student;
通过Object.create( Person.prototype) 我们基于 Person.prototype创建了一个新的对象原型。
定义覆盖基类方法的子类方法:
Student.prototype.toString = function () { return Person.prototype.toString.call( this) + "(" + this.studNo + ")"; };
最后通过new关键字来实例化一个类
var pers1 = new Person("Tom","Smith");
JavaScript的prototype
prototype是函数的一个属性(每个函数都有一个prototype属性),这个属性是一个指针,指向一个对象。它是显示修改对象的原型的属性。
__proto__是一个对象拥有的内置属性(prototype是函数的内置属性。__proto__是对象的内置属性),是JS内部使用寻找原型链的属性。
每个对象都有个constructor属性,其指向的是创建当前对象的构造函数。
工厂模式创建类
在这种方法中,我们定义了一个JS对象Person,并在其内部定义了一个create方法用来调用Object.create来创建类。
var Person = { name: "Person", properties: { firstName: {range:"NonEmptyString", label:"First name", writable: true, enumerable: true}, lastName: {range:"NonEmptyString", label:"Last name", writable: true, enumerable: true} }, methods: { getFullName: function () { return this.firstName +" "+ this.lastName; } }, create: function (slots) { // create object var obj = Object.create( this.methods, this.properties); // add special property for *direct type* of object Object.defineProperty( obj, "type", {value: this, writable: false, enumerable: true}); // initialize object Object.keys( slots).forEach( function (prop) { if (prop in this.properties) obj[prop] = slots[prop]; }) return obj; } };
这样,我们就有了一个Person的工厂类,通过调用create方法来实例化对象。
var pers1 = Person.create( {firstName:"Tom", lastName:"Smith"});
The above is the detailed content of Teach you a detailed explanation of how to get started with JavaScript in 10 minutes. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator
Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

Hot Tools

Notepad++7.3.1
Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Chinese version
Chinese version, very easy to use

Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

Hot Topics



Diffusion can not only imitate better, but also "create". The diffusion model (DiffusionModel) is an image generation model. Compared with the well-known algorithms such as GAN and VAE in the field of AI, the diffusion model takes a different approach. Its main idea is a process of first adding noise to the image and then gradually denoising it. How to denoise and restore the original image is the core part of the algorithm. The final algorithm is able to generate an image from a random noisy image. In recent years, the phenomenal growth of generative AI has enabled many exciting applications in text-to-image generation, video generation, and more. The basic principle behind these generative tools is the concept of diffusion, a special sampling mechanism that overcomes the limitations of previous methods.

Kimi: In just one sentence, in just ten seconds, a PPT will be ready. PPT is so annoying! To hold a meeting, you need to have a PPT; to write a weekly report, you need to have a PPT; to make an investment, you need to show a PPT; even when you accuse someone of cheating, you have to send a PPT. College is more like studying a PPT major. You watch PPT in class and do PPT after class. Perhaps, when Dennis Austin invented PPT 37 years ago, he did not expect that one day PPT would become so widespread. Talking about our hard experience of making PPT brings tears to our eyes. "It took three months to make a PPT of more than 20 pages, and I revised it dozens of times. I felt like vomiting when I saw the PPT." "At my peak, I did five PPTs a day, and even my breathing was PPT." If you have an impromptu meeting, you should do it

In the early morning of June 20th, Beijing time, CVPR2024, the top international computer vision conference held in Seattle, officially announced the best paper and other awards. This year, a total of 10 papers won awards, including 2 best papers and 2 best student papers. In addition, there were 2 best paper nominations and 4 best student paper nominations. The top conference in the field of computer vision (CV) is CVPR, which attracts a large number of research institutions and universities every year. According to statistics, a total of 11,532 papers were submitted this year, and 2,719 were accepted, with an acceptance rate of 23.6%. According to Georgia Institute of Technology’s statistical analysis of CVPR2024 data, from the perspective of research topics, the largest number of papers is image and video synthesis and generation (Imageandvideosyn

As a widely used programming language, C language is one of the basic languages that must be learned for those who want to engage in computer programming. However, for beginners, learning a new programming language can be difficult, especially due to the lack of relevant learning tools and teaching materials. In this article, I will introduce five programming software to help beginners get started with C language and help you get started quickly. The first programming software was Code::Blocks. Code::Blocks is a free, open source integrated development environment (IDE) for

We know that LLM is trained on large-scale computer clusters using massive data. This site has introduced many methods and technologies used to assist and improve the LLM training process. Today, what we want to share is an article that goes deep into the underlying technology and introduces how to turn a bunch of "bare metals" without even an operating system into a computer cluster for training LLM. This article comes from Imbue, an AI startup that strives to achieve general intelligence by understanding how machines think. Of course, turning a bunch of "bare metal" without an operating system into a computer cluster for training LLM is not an easy process, full of exploration and trial and error, but Imbue finally successfully trained an LLM with 70 billion parameters. and in the process accumulate

Editor of the Machine Power Report: Yang Wen The wave of artificial intelligence represented by large models and AIGC has been quietly changing the way we live and work, but most people still don’t know how to use it. Therefore, we have launched the "AI in Use" column to introduce in detail how to use AI through intuitive, interesting and concise artificial intelligence use cases and stimulate everyone's thinking. We also welcome readers to submit innovative, hands-on use cases. Video link: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/2hX_i7li3RqdE4u016yGhQ Recently, the life vlog of a girl living alone became popular on Xiaohongshu. An illustration-style animation, coupled with a few healing words, can be easily picked up in just a few days.

Title: A must-read for technical beginners: Difficulty analysis of C language and Python, requiring specific code examples In today's digital age, programming technology has become an increasingly important ability. Whether you want to work in fields such as software development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, or just learn programming out of interest, choosing a suitable programming language is the first step. Among many programming languages, C language and Python are two widely used programming languages, each with its own characteristics. This article will analyze the difficulty levels of C language and Python

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a technique that uses retrieval to boost language models. Specifically, before a language model generates an answer, it retrieves relevant information from an extensive document database and then uses this information to guide the generation process. This technology can greatly improve the accuracy and relevance of content, effectively alleviate the problem of hallucinations, increase the speed of knowledge update, and enhance the traceability of content generation. RAG is undoubtedly one of the most exciting areas of artificial intelligence research. For more details about RAG, please refer to the column article on this site "What are the new developments in RAG, which specializes in making up for the shortcomings of large models?" This review explains it clearly." But RAG is not perfect, and users often encounter some "pain points" when using it. Recently, NVIDIA’s advanced generative AI solution
